编辑“︁氖”︁

{{Citation style|time=2019-12-03T15:39:50+00:00}}
{{noteTA
|G1=Chemistry
|1= zh-hans:稀有气体; zh-cn:稀有气体; zh-tw:惰性氣體; zh-hk:貴氣體; zh-sg:惰性气体;
|2= zh-hans:稀有氣體; zh-cn:稀有气体; zh-tw:惰性氣體; zh-hk:貴氣體; zh-sg:惰性气体;
}}
{{Elementbox
|name=氖
|enname=Neon
|number=10
|symbol=Ne
|left=[[氟]]
|right=[[钠]]
|above=[[氦]]
|below=[[氩]]
|series=稀有气体
|series comment=
|group=18
|period=2
|block=p
|series color=
|phase color=564654
|appearance=氣體：無色；在高壓電場發出橙紅色光芒
|image name= Neon discharge tube.jpg
|image size=
|image name comment=
|atomic mass=20.1797(6){{CIAAW2021}}
|electron configuration=&#91;[[氦|He]]&#93; 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup>
|electrons per shell=2, 8
|phase=氣體
|phase comment=
|density gplstp=0.9002
|density gpcm3nrt=
|density gpcm3nrt 2=
|density gpcm3mp=
|density gpcm3bp=1.207<ref name="CRC">{{Cite book |title=CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics: 2000-2001 a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data |url=http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elements.pdf |last=Lide |first=David R. |publisher=CRC press |location=Boca Raton New York Washington |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-8493-0481-1 |page=19 |edition=81st ed |others=Chemical rubber publishing company |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626181434/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elements.pdf |archive-date=2008-06-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|melting point K=24.56
|melting point C=-248.59
|melting point F=-415.46
|boiling point K=27.07
|boiling point C=-246.08
|boiling point F=-410.94
|triple point K=24.5561
|triple point kPa=43<ref name="ITS90">{{cite journal |last=Preston-Thomas |first=H. |title=The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) |url=http://www.bipm.org/en/publications/its-90.html |journal=Metrologia |date=1990 |volume=27 |pages=3-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420012159/http://www.bipm.org/en/publications/its-90.html |archive-date=2011-04-20 |access-date=2011-03-30 |dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida |date=2005 |edition=85th edition |chapter=Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Melting, boiling, triple, and critical temperatures of the elements}}</ref>
|critical point K=44.4
|critical point MPa=2.76
|heat fusion=0.335
|heat vaporization=1.71
|heat capacity= 20.786
|vapor pressure 1=12
|vapor pressure 10=13
|vapor pressure 100=15
|vapor pressure 1 k=18
|vapor pressure 10 k=21
|vapor pressure 100 k=27
|vapor pressure comment=
|crystal structure=面心立方
|oxidation states='''0'''
|number of ionization energies=4
|1st ionization energy=2080.7
|2nd ionization energy=3952.3
|3rd ionization energy=6122
|atomic radius=
|atomic radius calculated=
|covalent radius=58
|Van der Waals radius=154
|magnetic ordering=[[反磁性]]<ref>[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112012253/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf|date=2012-01-12}}, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.</ref>
|electrical resistivity=
|electrical resistivity at 0=
|electrical resistivity at 20=
|thermal conductivity=49.1x10<sup>-3</sup>&nbsp;
|thermal conductivity 2=
|thermal diffusivity=
|thermal expansion=
|thermal expansion at 25=
|speed of sound=（气体，0&nbsp;°C）435
|speed of sound rod at 20=
|speed of sound rod at r.t.=
|Young's modulus=
|Shear modulus=
|Bulk modulus=654
|Poisson ratio=
|Mohs hardness=
|Vickers hardness=
|Brinell hardness=
|CAS number=7440-01-9
|isotopes={{infobox neon isotopes}}
|isotopes comment=
|predicted by=[[威廉·拉姆齐]]
|prediction date=1897
|discovered by=威廉·拉姆齐和莫里斯·特拉弗斯<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramsay |first=William |author-link=威廉·拉姆齐 |last2=Travers |first2=Morris William |title=On the companions of argon |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rspl/article/63/389-400/437/43701/On-the-companions-of-argon |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |language=en |date=1898-12-31 |volume=63 |issue=389-400 |page=437-440 |doi=10.1098/rspl.1898.0057 |issn=0370-1662 |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Neon: History |url=http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01000.html |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314232318/http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01000.html |archive-date=2007-03-14 |accessdate=2007-02-27 |publisher=Softciências}}</ref>
|discovery date=1898
|QID=Q654
}}
'''{{zy|氖|nǎi|ㄋㄞˇ|naai5}}'''（{{langx|en|Neon}}；舊譯'''氝'''，訛作'''氞'''），是一種[[化學元素]]，[[化學符號]]为'''{{化學式|氖}}'''，[[原子序數]]为10，[[原子量]]為{{val|20.1797|u=[[原子質量單位|u]]}}。氖在標準狀態下是一種無色無味的[[稀有气体|惰性單原子氣體]]<ref>Group 18 refers to the modern numbering of the periodic table. Older numberings described the rare gases as Group 0 or Group VIIIA (sometimes shortened to 8). See also [[Group (periodic table)]].</ref>，其密度是[[空氣]]的三分之二。它在1898年和[[氪]]及[[氙]]被發現為三種空氣中就有的[[稀有气体|惰性氣體]]之一，氖是上述三種稀有氣體中第二個被發現的，因為它亮紅的放射譜線，它馬上就被認出是一個新元素。氖這個名字是從希臘文翻譯過來的，意思是新的。氖是惰性的，虽然{{le|氖化合物|Neon compounds}}存在，但它们主要都是離子（如[[氖氢离子]]）或仅由[[凡得瓦力]]键接的[[范德华分子]]。

在宇宙的核合成的過程中，大量的氖從恆星的[[氦核作用]]中產生。雖然氖在宇宙和太陽系中十分常見（氖在宇宙的含量為第5多，僅低於[[氫]]、[[氦]]、[[氧]]和[[碳]]），但其在地球上十分稀少，大約只佔總空氣體積的18.2ppm（大約與其[[莫耳分率]]相同），且在地球表面上含量更少。因為氖為高度揮發的物質且無法合成固態的化合物，所以其在地球及其他類地行星都十分稀少。氖會在新生太陽的溫暖下從微行星逸散。雖然和前述原因不同，但氖甚至在[[木星]]的外層大氣略有些消耗。氖也比空氣還要輕<ref name="Wilson2010">{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Hugh F. |last2=Militzer |first2=Burkhard |title=Sequestration of Noble Gases in Giant Planet Interiors |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.121101 |journal=Physical Review Letters |language=en |date=2010-03-22 |volume=104 |issue=12 |page=121101 |arxiv=1003.5940 |bibcode=2010PhRvL.104l1101W |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.121101 |issn=0031-9007 |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref>，使其甚至能從地球的大氣層逸散。

氖在低電壓的氖燈、[[高電壓放電管]]和霓虹燈下會發出明顯的紅橙色光<ref>{{cite book |title=Project STAR: The Universe in Your Hands |url=https://books.google.com/?id=KwTzo4GMlewC&pg=PA127 |last=Coyle |first=Harold P. |publisher=Kendall Hunt |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-7872-6763-6 |pages=464}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Phosphor Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWlcJEDukRIC&pg=PA940&hl=zh-CN |last=Shionoya |first=Shigeo(decease) |last2=Yen |first2=William M. |publisher=CRC Press |date=1998-09-10 |isbn=978-0-8493-7560-6 |page=94 |language=en}}</ref>。氖也應用在[[電漿管]]跟冷凍設備中，也有少數的商業用途。它的商業來源主要由液態空氣[[分餾]]而來。因為空氣是唯一的來源，所以氖氣較氦氣為貴。

== 特性 ==
氖是第二輕的惰性氣體，僅次於[[氦]]。它在真空放電管裡發出橙紅色的光。氖也擁有所有元素中最小的液態溫度範圍:24.55K到27.05K(-248.45 °C到-245.95 °C，或-415.21°F到-410.71 °F)。在單位體積中，它的製冷能力高出液態氦40倍，比液態[[氫]]高三倍。<ref name="CRC" />在大多數情況下，它是一種較氦廉價的[[冷媒|冷卻劑]]。<ref>{{cite web |title=NASSMC: News Bulletin |url=http://www.nassmc.org/bulletin/dec05bulletin.html#table |date=December 30, 2005 |dead-url=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213072031/http://www.nassmc.org/bulletin/dec05bulletin.html |archivedate=February 13, 2007 |accessdate=2007-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Fundamentals of Cryogenic Engineering |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhVEI52-VE8C&pg=PA195 |last=Mukhopadhyay |first1=Mamata |date=2012 |isbn=9788120330573 |page=195 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116145946/https://books.google.com/books?id=nhVEI52-VE8C&pg=PA195 |archivedate=2017-11-16 |dead-url=no}}</ref>氖是非常典型的氣體，非常不容易變成液體或固體，必須要在-248.6°C時才會凝固成固態。氖是一種非常不活潑的元素，幾乎不和其他元素相化合，屬於 惰性 氣體的一種。氖的[[汽化膨脹比]]（液體時[[體積]]，和在[[室溫]]一大氣壓力下，氣體時體積的比）為1:1445，是氣體中最高的<ref name="Association2012">{{cite book |title=Handbook of Compressed Gases |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5EfhBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |date=2012-12-06 |isbn=9781461306733 |page=82 |others=Compressed Gas Association |accessdate=8 March 2016}}</ref>。

在所有惰性氣體中，氖的放電在等電壓和電流情況下是最強烈的。氖在真空放電管中的顏色為肉眼可見的橙紅色，是因許多放射譜線在此範圍內所導致。氖亦有一條明亮的綠色譜線，但在一般情況下無法辨識，需以分光器色散後才可看出。<ref>{{cite web |title=Plasma |url=http://www.electricalfun.com/plasma.htm |dead-url=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307005259/http://www.electricalfun.com/plasma.htm |archivedate=2007-03-07 |accessdate=2007-03-05}}</ref>

日常生活中有兩種常見的氖照明應用。氖燈體積普遍較小，大多在100~250[[伏特]]的電壓下運作。<ref name="Baumann">{{cite book |title=Applications of Neon Lamps and Gas Discharge Tubes |last=Baumann |first=Edward |publisher=Carlton Press |date=1966}}</ref>它們被廣泛運用在不斷電指示燈和電路測試設備，但[[發光二極體]](LED)如今取代了氖燈在上述應用中的地位。這些簡單的氖燈裝置是[[電漿顯示器]]及[[電漿電視]]的先驅。<ref name="Myers">{{cite book |title=Display interfaces: fundamentals and standards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilHvFwoAZDMC&pg=PA69 |last1=Myers |first1=Robert L. |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-471-49946-6 |pages=69–71 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629141148/https://books.google.com/books?id=ilHvFwoAZDMC&pg=PA69 |archivedate=2016-06-29 |dead-url=no |quote=Plasma displays are closely related to the simple neon lamp.}}</ref><ref name="Weber">{{Cite journal |last=Weber |first=L.F. |title=History of the plasma display panel |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1621302/ |journal=IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science |date=2006-04 |volume=34 |issue=2 |page=268-278 |bibcode=2006ITPS...34..268W |doi=10.1109/TPS.2006.872440 |issn=1939-9375 |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref>通常填充氖的[[霓虹燈]]在更高的電壓下運作(2~15千伏特)，而其燈管一般有數公尺長。<ref>{{cite web |title=ANSI Luminous Tube Footage Chart |url=http://www.allanson.com/wp-content/uploads/Product_PDFs/ANSI_Luminous_footage.pdf |dead-url=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206163356/http://www.allanson.com/wp-content/uploads/Product_PDFs/ANSI_Luminous_footage.pdf |archivedate=2011-02-06 |accessdate=2010-12-10 |publisher=[[American National Standards Institute]] (ANSI)}} Reproduction of a chart in the catalog of a lighting company in Toronto; the original ANSI specification is not given.</ref>燈管經常被塑造成各種形狀和文字作為招牌，以及應用在建築和藝術方面。

== 应用 ==
[[File:NeTube.jpg|thumb|left|210px|氖常被用作霓虹灯，它发典型的红橙色的亮光。其它颜色都是使用汞蒸汽放电来激发磷发的磷光]]
氖經常被使用在[[霓虹燈]]做廣告，散發出顯眼的亮橙紅色光。雖然其它顏色的霓虹燈經常被稱為氖燈，但它們使用不同種類的[[稀有氣體|惰性氣體]]或不同顏色的[[螢光燈]]。其它应用有：
* [[真空管]]
* 高压指示器
* [[避雷针]]
* 波頻計
* [[电视机]]荧光屏管
* {{link-en|氦-氖雷射|Helium–neon laser}}：[[半導體器件製造]]常用
* 液氖被用作[[冷却液]]
* 用于高能物理研究，让氖充满火花室来探测微粒的行径。
* 填充水银灯和钠蒸气灯。

液態和氣態氖相對較昂貴，液態氖的價格可超過液態氦的55倍以上。造成氖價格高昂的主因是氖蘊含量的稀少，與氦不同，氖只能從空氣中取得。

氖的[[三相點]]溫度(24.5561 K)在國際實用溫標中被定義為一固定值。<ref name="ITS90-1">{{cite web |title=The Internet resource for the International Temperature Scale of 1990 |url=http://www.its-90.com/ |dead-url=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815110916/http://www.its-90.com/ |archivedate=2009-08-15 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref>

== 历史 ==
氖在1898年被英國化學家[[威廉·拉姆齐|威廉·拉姆齊爵士]]（William Ramsay）和 [[莫理斯·特拉維斯]]（Morris Travers）在[[倫敦]]發現<ref>{{cite journal |title = On the Companions of Argon |author = [[William Ramsay|Ramsay, William]], Travers, Morris W. |journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume = 63 |issue = 1 |pages = 437–440 |date = 1898 |doi = 10.1098/rspl.1898.0057}}</ref>。拉姆齊爵士冷凝空氣形成液體後，逐漸加熱液態空氣，使組成空氣的物質因沸點不同，沸騰時分離。從1898年的五月底開始，拉姆齊爵士進行了六個星期的實驗。實驗結果得到了已被發現的[[氮]]、[[氧]]、[[氬]]，並將剩餘的氣體大致按其豐度分離。剩餘氣體中，第一個被發現的是[[氪]]，在氪被分離後，發現一種在輝光放電下會發出明亮紅光的氣體。此氣體在六月被確定它的存在，被命名為氖，為希臘文中類似拉丁語novum（意為“新的”）<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01000.html |title=Neon: History |accessdate=2007-02-27 |publisher=Softciências |dead-url=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314232318/http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01000.html |archivedate=2007-03-14 }}</ref>的字，此命名由拉姆齊兒子建議。當氣態氖在激發態時會放出明亮的紅橘色光。特拉維斯後來寫到：「來自管子中的赤紅色火焰是一個令人難以忘記而且不言而喻的一幕。」<ref>{{cite book |title=Discovery of the Elements: Third Edition (reprint) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJIk9BPdNWcC&pg=PA287 |last=Weeks |first=Mary Elvira |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-7661-3872-8 |page=287 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322191804/http://books.google.com/books?id=SJIk9BPdNWcC&pg=PA287 |archivedate=2015-03-22 |dead-url=no}}</ref>

第二種氣體和氖一起在報告中被提到，和氬有大約相同的密度但有不同的光譜，拉姆齊和特拉維斯將它命名為metargon。<ref name="Nobel">
{{cite web
 |url         = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/ramsay-lecture.html
 |title       = Nobel Lecture – The Rare Gases of the Atmosphere
 |last        = Ramsay
 |first       = Sir William
 |date        = December 12, 1904
 |website     = nobelprize.org
 |publisher   = Nobel Media AB
 |access-date = 15 November 2015
 |dead-url     = no
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20151113111406/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/ramsay-lecture.html
 |archivedate = 13 November 2015
}}
</ref>但是，隨後的光譜分析顯示metargon其實是混雜[[一氧化碳]]的氬氣。最後，在1898的九月，這個研究團隊用相同的方法發現了[[氙]]。<ref name="Nobel" />

因氖在自然界的含量不高，這點阻礙它在 Moore tubes的應用， Moore tubes為一種使用氮氣且在十九世紀早期被商業化的照明。1902之後，喬治·克勞德的公司─法國液空集團生產工業用氖當作他空氣液化事業的副產品。在1910的十二月，演示了以密封氖氣管為基礎的現代[[霓虹燈]]。克勞德曾短暫地售出用於室內居家照明的霓虹燈管在1912，克勞德的協會開始銷售氖放電管做為一種吸引目光的廣告標誌，效果比上次成功。氖放電管在1923年被引入美國，由於洛杉磯帕卡德汽車經銷商購買了兩個大型[[霓虹燈招牌|霓虹燈標誌]]。發光和引人注目的紅色使得霓虹燈廣告完全不同於競爭對手。<ref>{{cite news
 |url         = http://nymag.com/shopping/features/41814/
 |title       = Neon: A Brief History
 |last        = Mangum
 |first       = Aja
 |access-date = 2008-05-20
 |date        = December 8, 2007
 |newspaper   = New York Magazine
 |dead-url     = no
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080415165748/http://nymag.com/shopping/features/41814/
 |archivedate = April 15, 2008
}}</ref>霓虹燈的強烈色彩和活力等同於當時的美國社會，暗示著“進步的世紀”，並將城市轉變為充滿了發光廣告和“電子燈板建築”的令人轟動的新環境。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Golec |first=Michael J. |year=2010 |title=Logo/Local Intensities: Lacan, the Discourse of the Other, and the Solicitation to "Enjoy" |journal=Design and Culture |volume=2 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= |title=Electro-Graphic Architecture |last=Wolfe |first=Tom |date=October 1968 |work=Architecture Canada |access-date= |via=}}</ref>雖然霓虹燈亮度高，但市場不大，因為屋主多半不喜歡霓虹燈光的顏色。

氖在對瞭解原子本質的基礎研究上發揮作用：當[[湯木生|J.J.湯姆孫]]在研究[[陰極射線]]的組成時，將氖離子流打入電場和磁場中，用照相底片觀察它的偏轉。湯姆孫觀察到有兩片分開的光在照相底片上。(如圖)湯木生最後做出結論:有些在氖氣中的氖原子質量比剩餘者高。雖然湯木生當時不太瞭解這個現象，但這是歷史上第一次發現穩定原子的[[同位素]]。湯木生的裝置則是我們現代[[質譜儀]]的簡略版。
[[File:在辉光球作用下发出橙光的一管氖气.jpg|thumb|在辉光球作用下发光的氖气]]

== 出现 ==
在[[标准状态]]下氖是单原子的气体。在[[地球大气层]]中氖非常稀少，只占其65,000分之一。工业使用液化空气冷却分离的方法来生产氖。

氖的穩定同位素可在某些星球中產生。Ne-20可由碳的[[核融合]]反應或[[恆星核合成]]中的[[:碳聚变|碳聚變]]反應產生。此反應需在1億[[熱力學溫標|克氏溫度]]以上的環境下進行，因此只有質量超過太陽三倍以上之星球的核心符合條件。<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=fXcdHyLUVnEC&pg=PA106&dq=neon+cosmic+nucleosynthesis&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixlZbztc3iAhWmo1kKHWFECqgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=neon%20cosmic%20nucleosynthesis&f=false|title=Handbook of Isotopes in the Cosmos: Hydrogen to Gallium|last=Clayton|first=Donald|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0521823814|location=|pages=106-107|access-date=2019-12-04|archive-date=2020-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406170402/https://books.google.ca/books?id=fXcdHyLUVnEC&pg=PA106&dq=neon+cosmic+nucleosynthesis&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixlZbztc3iAhWmo1kKHWFECqgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=neon%20cosmic%20nucleosynthesis&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Ryan, Sean G. |author2=Norton, Andrew J. |title=Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis |year=2010 |page=135 |isbn=978-0-521-13320-3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PE4yGiU-JyEC&q=carbon+burning#v=onepage&q=carbong%20burning&f=false |access-date=2019-12-04 |archive-date=2020-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406170406/https://books.google.com/books?id=PE4yGiU-JyEC&q=carbon+burning#v=onepage&q=carbong%20burning&f=false |dead-url=no }}</ref>

氖在宇宙中大量存在;它是宇宙中總質量第五大的化學元素，排序於氫、氦、氧和碳之後(見[[化學元素]])。<ref>{{cite journal |bibcode=2009ARA&A..47..481A |doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145222 |title=The Chemical Composition of the Sun |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=47 |pages=481 |year=2009 |last1=Asplund |first1=Martin |last2=Grevesse |first2=Nicolas |last3=Sauval |first3=A. Jacques |last4=Scott |first4=Pat |arxiv=0909.0948}}</ref>氖和氦相同，在地球中相對稀少，因其相對較輕，在極低溫時的高蒸氣壓及安定的化學性質，其性質可避免聚集可壓縮的氣體及塵雲，因而形成了如地球般較小而溫暖的固體星球。

氖為單原子氣體，因此其分子量會比主要構成地球大氣的雙原子氮和氧小;填充氖氣的氣球在空氣中將會上升，但速度比氦氣球慢。<ref>{{cite book |title = Chemistry for Higher Tier |author = Gallagher, R. |author2 = Ingram, P. |publisher = University Press |isbn = 978-0-19-914817-2 |url = https://books.google.com/?id=SJtWSy69eVsC&pg=PA96 |pages = 282 |date = 2001-07-19}}</ref>

氖在宇宙中約占1/750；在太陽和原星系中的星雲則約佔1/600。[[伽利略號|伽利略號太空船]]在大氣探測中發現即使在木星的高層大氣，氖的含量仍約為太陽的十分之一，只佔1/6000。這可能代表著就算是從外太陽系帶氖到木星的冰雪構成[[微行星]]，還是因為溫度過高以至於無法維持大氣中氖含量(木星上其它更重的惰性氣體含量是太陽的數倍)。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/gll38.html |title=Galileo Probe Science Result |accessdate=2007-02-27 |last=Morse |first=David |date=January 26, 1996 |publisher=Galileo Project |dead-url=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224232055/http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/gll38.html |archivedate=February 24, 2007 }}</ref>

氖在[[地球大氣層]]占體積的1/55000或18.2ppm(約略等於其莫耳分率)，或空氣質量的1/79000。它在地殼中含量較少。工業上利用低溫分餾液態空氣的方式製造氖氣。<ref name=CRC/>

在2015年的8月17日，根據[[月球大氣與粉塵環境探測器]](LADEE)的探測結果，NASA的科學家報告在[[月球]][[外氣層|散逸層]](外氣層)偵測到氖。<ref name="NASA-20150817">{{cite web |last=Steigerwald |first=William |title=NASA's LADEE Spacecraft Finds Neon in Lunar Atmosphere |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ladee-lunar-neon |date=17 August 2015 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=18 August 2015 |dead-url=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819035151/http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ladee-lunar-neon/ |archivedate=19 August 2015 }}</ref>

==生產==
氖是由低溫空氣分離設備中的空氣產生的。主要由氮氣、氖氣和氦氣組成的氣相混合物從高壓空氣分離塔頂部主冷凝器中取出，並送入側塔底部進行氖氣精餾<ref>{{Cite book |title=''Chemical process industries'' |url=https://archive.org/details/chemicalprocessi0000shre_s8m7 |last=Shreve |first=R. Norris |last2=Brink |first2=Joseph A. |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |date=1977 |isbn=978-0-07-057145-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chemicalprocessi0000shre_s8m7/page/112 113] |edition=4th ed}}</ref>。然後可以從氦中進一步純化。

全球約70%的氖由[[烏克蘭]]所生產<ref>{{cite news |title=Explained: Why the Russia-Ukraine crisis may lead to a shortage in semiconductors |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/in-depth/explained-why-the-russia-ukraine-crisis-may-lead-to-a-shortage-in-semiconductors/ar-AAUZRlP |work=MSN |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |accessdate=2022-03-21 |archive-date=2022-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313210956/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/in-depth/explained-why-the-russia-ukraine-crisis-may-lead-to-a-shortage-in-semiconductors/ar-AAUZRlP }}</ref>，作為俄羅斯鋼鐵生產之副產品<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alper |first=Alexandra |date=2022-03-11 |title=Exclusive: Russia's attack on Ukraine halts half of world's neon output for chips |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/exclusive-ukraine-halts-half-worlds-neon-output-chips-clouding-outlook-2022-03-11/ |access-date=2022-03-16 |archive-date=2022-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311223757/https://www.reuters.com/technology/exclusive-ukraine-halts-half-worlds-neon-output-chips-clouding-outlook-2022-03-11/ }}</ref>。截至2020年，[[Iceblick|Iceblick公司]]在烏克蘭的[[敖德薩]]和俄羅斯首都[[莫斯科]]設有工廠，供應全球65%的氖以及15%的氪和氙<ref name=Newshour>{{cite web |title=Rare Gasses Supplier Known for Innovation |url=https://the-european-times.com/iceblick/ |website=The European Times |date=2020 |access-date=2022-03-21 |archive-date=2022-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321162522/https://the-european-times.com/iceblick/ }}</ref><ref name="2022-02-25_Reuters"/>。

2014年，[[俄羅斯兼併克里米亞|俄羅斯吞併克里米亞]]後，全球氖的價格上漲了約600%<ref name="arstechnica"/>，促使一些[[晶圓廠|半導體晶片製造商]]從俄羅斯和烏克蘭的供應商轉向中國供應商<ref name="cnbc">{{cite news |title=Chipmakers see limited impact for now, as Russia invades Ukraine |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/24/chipmakers-see-limited-impact-russia-invasion-ukraine.html |work=CNBC |date=24 February 2022 |language=en |accessdate=2022-03-21 |archive-date=2022-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424134128/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/24/chipmakers-see-limited-impact-russia-invasion-ukraine.html }}</ref>。2022年，[[2022年俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭|俄羅斯全面入侵烏克蘭]]导致烏克蘭的兩家氖製造廠的关闭，它們的產量約佔全球供應量的一半<ref name="arstechnica">{{cite news |last1=Times |first1=Financial |title=Low on gas: Ukraine invasion chokes supply of neon needed for chipmaking |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/03/low-on-gas-ukraine-invasion-chokes-supply-of-neon-needed-for-chipmaking/ |access-date=13 March 2022 |work=Ars Technica |date=4 March 2022 |language=en-us |archive-date=2022-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313224822/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/03/low-on-gas-ukraine-invasion-chokes-supply-of-neon-needed-for-chipmaking/ }}</ref>，並可能加劇[[COVID-19疫情]]以來的[[全球晶片危機|芯片短缺]]<ref name=Newshour/><ref name="2022-02-25_Reuters">{{Cite news |title=Breakingviews - Ukraine war flashes neon warning lights for chips |url=https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/ukraine-war-flashes-neon-warning-lights-chips-2022-02-24/ |work=Reuters |language=en-US |access-date=2026-01-04 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250315200352/https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/ukraine-war-flashes-neon-warning-lights-chips-2022-02-24/ |archive-date=2025-03-15}}</ref>，這可能會進一步將氖的生產轉移到中國<ref name="cnbc"/>。

== 化合物 ==
氖是第一個[[p區元素]]的惰性氣體，第一個真正符合八隅體的元素。它是惰性的(就像比它輕的同族元素-[[氦]]一樣)，沒有發現具有與氖原子形成共價鍵的中性分子。使用光谱和[[质谱]]分析观察到的含氖的[[离子]]包括{{lang|en|Ne<sup>+</sup>}}、{{lang|en|(Ne[[氩|Ar]])<sup>+</sup>}}、[[氖氢离子|NeH<sup>+</sup>]]和{{lang|en|([[氦|He]]Ne)<sup>+</sup>}}。氖的[[水合物]]很不稳定。<ref name=CRC/>固態氖[[籠型水合物]]是用冰和氖氣在0.35–0.48 GPa和−30 °C環境下所製造出來的。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Xiaohui |last2=Zhu |first2=Jinlong |last3=Du |first3=Shiyu |last4=Xu |first4=Hongwu |last5=Vogel |first5=Sven C. |last6=Han |first6=Jiantao |last7=Germann |first7=Timothy C. |last8=Zhang |first8=Jianzhong |last9=Jin |first9=Changqing |last10=Francisco |first10=Joseph S. |last11=Zhao |first11=Yusheng |title=Crystal structure and encapsulation dynamics of ice II-structured neon hydrate |url=https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1410690111 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2014-07-22 |volume=111 |issue=29 |page=10456-61 |bibcode=2014PNAS..11110456Y |doi=10.1073/pnas.1410690111 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=4115495 |pmid=25002464 |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref>其中，氖原子並不是和水鍵結，並且它可自由地穿透這種材料。若要從該籠型水和物中得到氖，可以將它放入真空室好幾天，就會得到{{link-en|Ice XVI}}（水的最不緻密晶型）和氖。<ref name="hydrate">{{Cite journal |last=Falenty |first=Andrzej |last2=Hansen |first2=Thomas C. |last3=Kuhs |first3=Werner F. |title=Formation and properties of ice XVI obtained by emptying a type sII clathrate hydrate |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14014 |journal=Nature |language=en |date=2014-12 |volume=516 |issue=7530 |bibcode=2014Natur.516..231F |doi=10.1038/nature14014 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=25503235 |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref>

常見的[[電負度|鮑林電負度]]標度是依化學鍵能量，但這種方法顯然不適用於測量惰性的氦和氖。不過，在[[电负性|艾倫電負性標度]]（Allen electronegativity scale）是以原子能量去定義電負度。其中，Allen定義氖為電負度最高的元素，緊跟在後的是氟和氦。

== 同位素 ==
{{main|氖的同位素}}
氖是第二輕的惰性氣體。已知的氖的[[同位素]]共有11种，包括氖17至氖27，其中有三個穩定同位素：氖-20(90.48%)、氖-21(0.27%)和氖-22(9.25%)。氖-21和氖-22 部分自然存在、部分由[[核分裂]]產生 (即由其他帶有[[中子]]的[[核素]]或其他環境中的粒子的核反應產生)，它們的[[豐度]]變化是已知的。相較之下，氖-20(由恆星的[[核融合]]反應產生的主要原始同位素)不被認為是核分裂產物或[[放射性核素]]。地球上氖-20含量變化的原因一直被激烈地爭論。<ref>{{Cite book |title=''Radiogenic Isotope Geology'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N20zswEACAAJ&pg=PA303 |last=Dickin |first=Alan P. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2018-02-08 |isbn=978-1-107-49212-7 |page=303 |language=en |chapter=Neon}}</ref>

產生氖同位素的主要核反應來自鎂-24和鎂-25的[[中子捕獲]]和[[α衰變]]，其產物分別是氖-21和氖-22。α衰變主要是從[[鈾]][[衰變鏈|衰變系列]]而來的，而中子則是由α衰變的次級反應產生。這個反應系列導致在含鈾岩石中（比如[[花崗岩]]）可以觀察到較高比例的氖-21和氖-22。<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS -- Isotope Tracers -- Resources |url=https://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/ne_iig.html |website=wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov |last=Kendall |first=Carol |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250620221838/https://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/ne_iig.html |archive-date=2025-06-20 |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref>氖-21也可能是由氖-20從自然界吸收一個中子而產生。

此外，在裸露[[岩層]]中的同位素分析證實了[[放射性]](宇宙射線)氖-21的生成。這個同位素是由[[鎂]]、[[鈉]]、[[矽]]和[[鋁]]的散裂反應產生的。藉由分析這三種同位素，可以將宇宙部分的氖與[[岩漿]]裡的氖和核反應產生的氖區分開來。這表示氖可能可以用來成為測定宇宙中岩石和[[隕石]]的暴露時間。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01093.html |title=Neon: Isotopes |accessdate=2007-02-27 |publisher=Softciências |dead-url=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115190653/http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e01093.html |archivedate=2012-11-15 }}</ref>

類似於[[氙]]，[[火山]]氣體含有的氖中，氖-20及氖-21的含量相對高於氖-22。這些地函中的氖同位素含量與大氣中的氖不同。氖-20的高含量相異於地球上的其他稀有氣體，可能是來自太陽產生的氖。[[鑽石|金剛石]]中氖-20的含量也比較高，進一步說明這個高含量可能確實是來自於地球形成前的太陽系星雲。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/Ne.html |title=Helium, Neon & Argon |accessdate=2006-07-02 |author=Anderson, Don L. |publisher=Mantleplumes.org |dead-url=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528113659/http://www.mantleplumes.org/Ne.html |archivedate=2006-05-28 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Helium, Neon & Argon |url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/Ne.html |website=www.mantleplumes.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302022406/http://www.mantleplumes.org/Ne.html |archive-date=2019-03-02 |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref>。

==參考資料==
{{reflist}}
==外部連結==
{{Elements.links|Ne|10}}
{{Commons+cat}}
{{Wiktionary|neon}}
{{18族元素|Ne}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:氖| ]]
[[Category:化学元素|2]]
[[Category:冷冻剂]]
[[Category:稀有气体]]
[[Category:制冷剂]]
[[Category:激光增益介质]]