编辑“︁心碎”︁

{{愛側欄}}
[[File:Antonio Canova - Psyché ranimée par le baiser de l'Amour, Marbre, 1793.jpg|thumb|right|262px|心痛可引起严重的情绪和身体疼痛]]
[[File:A paper-made "Broken Heart"; original work.jpg|thumb|right|250px|纸制心碎符号。]]
'''心碎'''（{{langx|en|Heartbreak}}）是描述人在经历深刻失落或[[渴望 (情緒)|渴望]]时产生的强烈[[壓力 (醫學)|情緒壓力]]及[[痛苦]]的[[隐喻]]。这一概念[[跨文化心理學|普遍存在于不同文化中]]，經常用於描繪因爱而不得或失去所爱而引发的痛苦。<ref name="Johnson2">{{cite web|title=A Broken Heart can Really Hurt You|url=http://bpdfamily.com/content/broken-heart-can-hurt-you|access-date=14 June 2014|publisher=[[BPDFamily.com]]|last1=Johnson|first1=R. Skip|archive-date=2015-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814010752/http://bpdfamily.com/content/broken-heart-can-hurt-you|dead-url=no}}</ref>

[[浪漫關係|恋爱]]关系破裂引发的心碎可能造成深刻痛苦。经历者常出现[[抑郁]]、[[焦虑]]等情绪反应，严重時甚至可能发展为[[创伤后应激障碍]]（PTSD）。<ref name="Depression through the first year a">{{cite journal|title=Depression through the first year after the death of a spouse|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1991-10_148_10/page/1346|first1=S|last2=Shuchter|first2=SR|date=October 1991|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|issue=10|doi=10.1176/ajp.148.10.1346|volume=148|pages=1346–52|pmid=1897615|last1=Zisook}}</ref><ref name="goleman">Goleman, Daniel. The Emotional Brain and Emotional Intelligence: New Insights. North Hampton, Mass, 2011.</ref>

== 生理 ==

心碎的情绪“伤痛”被认为是生存本能的一部分。“[[依附理論|社会依附系统]]”利用“[[痛苦|痛苦系统]]”，通过在紧密社会关系失去之时引起痛苦，来鼓励人们维持这些关系。<ref name="Johnson">{{cite web|title=A Broken Heart can Really Hurt You|url=http://bpdfamily.com/content/broken-heart-can-hurt-you|accessdate=14 June 2014|publisher=[[BPDFamily.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814010752/http://bpdfamily.com/content/broken-heart-can-hurt-you|archive-date=2015-08-14|dead-url=no|last1=Johnson|first1=R. Skip}}</ref> [[昆士兰大学]]的心理学家Geoff MacDonald和[[维克弗斯特大学]]的Mark Leary在2005年提出了身体和情感疼痛反应的共同机制的演化，并认为这种表达方式“不仅仅是一个隐喻”。<ref name="MacDonald">{{cite web|last1=MacDonald|first1=Geoff|last2=Leary|first2=Mark R.|title=Why Does Social Exclusion Hurt? The Relationship Between Social and Physical Pain|publisher=[[心理学公报|Psychological Bulletin]]|url=http://web.psych.utoronto.ca/gmacdonald/macdonald%20&%20leary,%202005a.pdf|accessdate=7 May 2012|archive-date=2020-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408190528/http://web.psych.utoronto.ca/gmacdonald/macdonald%20%26%20leary%2C%202005a.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>{{sfn|University of Michigan News Service 2011}} 他们认为这个概念是普遍的，许多文化在描述身体疼痛和与关系丧失相关的感觉的时候，使用相同的词语。<ref name="MacDonald" />{{sfn|University of Michigan News Service 2011}}

涉及心痛感知的神经系统过程是未知的，但被认为涉及脑的[[前扣带皮层]]，其在应激期间可能过度刺激[[迷走神经]]引起疼痛、恶心或胸部肌肉紧绷。{{sfn|Scientific American Mind 2015}} 2008年[[加利福尼亞大學]]的[[Naomi Eisenberger]]和[[Matthew Lieberman]]的研究显示，排斥与背侧前扣带皮层和右前腹[[前額葉皮質]]激活有关，它们是参与处理疼痛（包括对他人经历的痛苦的同感）的区域。{{sfn|Scientific American Mind 2015}} 他们还提到社会压力对心脏的影响，以及性格对疼痛感知的影响。{{sfn|Eisenberger|Lieberman|2004|pp=294-300}}

2011年的一项研究表明，在激烈的社会排斥或社会损失的情况下，会激活与痛觉体验相同的大脑区域。{{sfn|University of Michigan News Service 2011}}{{sfn|National Academy of Sciences 2011}} [[密歇根大学]]社会心理学家Ethan Kross曾经参与大量研究，他说：“这些结果给社会排斥会带来伤痛的想法带来新的意义”。{{sfn|University of Michigan News Service 2011}} 该研究涉及{{le|次级体感皮质区|secondary somatosensory cortex}}和脑[[岛叶|岛]]背后侧。{{sfn|University of Michigan News Service 2011}}

==心理==

=== 单纯的哀伤 ===
对于大多数丧失亲友的人来说，通过悲伤的旅程，最终會抵达即使没有他们的亲友，也可以接受的那种程度的生活。<ref name="Zisook">{{cite journal|last1=Zisook|first1=Sidney|last2=Shear|first2=Katherine|title=Grief and bereavement: what psychiatrists need to know|journal=World Psychiatry|date=June 1, 2009|volume=8|issue=2|pages=67–74|pmc=2691160|doi=10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00217.x|pmid=2691160}}</ref> [[库伯勒-罗丝模型]]假设失去了爱人之后的哀伤有五个阶段：否认→愤怒→讨价还价→抑郁→接受。<ref name=Johnson/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,689491,00.html|title=Milestones|date=Aug 30, 2004|publisher=TIME|first=Sarah M.|last=Broom|accessdate=2017-07-14|archive-date=2013-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817054519/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,689491,00.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> 虽然（普遍上）哀伤者会经历最初的麻木以至抑郁，最后改观并恢复，但大多数现代悲伤专家都认识到，在很大程度上，文化团体之间的哀伤经历的变化和流动性和个人之间的哀伤是有很大差异的。<ref name="Zisook"/>

连续、无法控制和令人苦恼的左思右想（侵入性思想）{{sfn|Carll|2007|p=111}}通常是哀伤的一个组成部分。[[約翰·鮑比]]的'''寻找丢失的东西'''概念是说，哀伤者依然迷惘，经常翻看逝去的回忆，<!--and perhaps fleeting perceptions of spectral visitations by the lost individual-->因而会有焦虑和增长的挫败感。当这种失去涉及“被抛弃”或“单恋”的时候，<ref>Tennov, Dorothy. Love and Limerence: The Experience of Being in Love, Scarborugh House (1998).</ref> 除了上述之外，这种心理搜索还会伴随着对分手原因以及与失去之人重聚的可能性的强迫思想。<ref>Bowlby, John, Loss: Sadness and Depression; Attachment and Loss, III, Basic Books, 1982.</ref> 如果涉及到拒绝，那么可能还会牵涉到[[羞耻|羞耻心]]——（对自己）从内在就不让人接受、可以随意丢弃、没有价值而产生的痛苦情绪。<ref>Lewis, Helen Block. Shame and Guilt in Neurosis. Madison: International Universities Press, 1971.</ref>

哀伤的体征包括：<ref>{{cite web|last1=Staff|first1=Writer|title=Bereavement And Grief|url=http://www.homelifecountry.com/bereavement-and-grief/|publisher=HomeLifeCountry|accessdate=15 November 2012|archive-date=2019-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609203636/http://www.homelifecountry.com/bereavement-and-grief/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
# 疲惫、肌肉紧绷或无力、身体疼痛、烦躁不安、缺乏能量
# 失眠、嗜睡、梦见烦心事
# 食欲不振、暴饮暴食、恶心、“腹空”、消化不良、肠道疾病（如腹泻）、体重变化较大、瘋狂購物
# 头痛、气短、胸部压力、喉咙紧绷或沉重

=== 抑郁 ===
心碎是压力的主要源头，并且被发现会诱发重度忧郁。在（关于配偶死亡的）一项研究中，悼念者中有24％在2个月内抑郁，7个月时为23％，13个月为16％，25个月为14％。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zisook|first1=S|last2=Shuchter|first2=SR|title=Depression through the first year after the death of a spouse|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1991-10_148_10/page/1346|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|date=October 1991|volume=148|issue=10|pages=1346–52|doi=10.1176/ajp.148.10.1346}}</ref>

虽然有其他症状重叠，但单纯的哀伤可以与整个抑郁发作中区别开来。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Auster|first1=T|last2=Moutier|first2=C|last3=Lanouette|first3=N|title=Bereavement and depression: implications for diagnosis and treatment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychiatric-annals_2008-10_38_10/page/655|journal=Psychiatric Annals|date=October 1, 2008|volume=38|pages=655–661|doi=10.3928/00485713-20081001-01}}</ref> 重度抑郁往往更加深入，其特点是体验自我验证和积极感觉的很困难。重度抑郁由可辨认和稳定的衰弱症状，伴随着持久的低落情绪组成。除非得到治疗，重度抑郁否则往往会持续存在，它与工作和社会功能、病理免疫功能的缺乏，以及其他神经生物学变化相关。<ref name="Zisook"/>

在关系分裂中，哀悼者可能把他们对被拒绝产生的愤怒对准他们自己。<ref>{{cite book|last1=Colin|first1=Virginia A.|title=Human Attachment|date=1996|publisher=Temple University Press|location=Philadelphia|page=340}}</ref> 这会加深抑郁<ref>Schore, Allan. Affect Regulation and Origin of Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994, pp. 416-422</ref>并导致自恋性的创伤（{{lang|en|narcissistic wounding}}）。<ref>Kohut, H. The Restoration of the Self Madison: International Universities Press, 1977.</ref> 自我攻击的过程从温和的自我怀疑到肆意的自我指责，给个人的自我价值留下持久的印记，使他们怀疑自己是否值得被爱，怀疑他们自己的个性效能和附加价值。<ref>Robertiello, Richard. Hold Them Very Close, Then Let Them Go. New York: Dial, 1975.</ref>

==参见==
* [[空虚]]
* [[人際關係]]
* [[亲密关系]]
* {{le|深恋感|Limerence}}

==参考文献==
{{reflist|30em}}

==来源==

===印刷本===
* {{cite book | author1-last = Eisenberger | author1-first = Naomi | author2-last = Lieberman | author2-first = Matthew |title = Why Rejection Hurts: A Common Neural Alarm System For Physical And Social Pain | publisher = [[加利福尼亞大學|University of California]] | year = 2004 | pmid = 15242688 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Lumb | first = Philip |title = Critical Care Ultrasound: Expert Consult | publisher = [[愛思唯爾|Elsevier Health Sciences]] | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-0323278171 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Clark | first = David | title = Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for OCD | publisher = [[Guilford Press]] | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1462506651 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Carll | first = Elizabeth | title = Trauma Psychology: Violence And Disaster | publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0275985318 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Cohen | first = Robyn | title = Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms And Thought-Focused Attention: Is Cognitive Self-Consciousness A Volitional Or Automatic Process? | publisher = [[Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science]] | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0549499312 | ref = harv }}

===在线===

* {{cite web
 | title = Why Does Social Exclusion Hurt? The Relationship Between Social And Physical Pain
 | publisher = [[心理学公报|Psychological Bulletin]]
 | url = http://web.psych.utoronto.ca/gmacdonald/macdonald%20&%20leary,%202005a.pdf
 | accessdate = 7 May 2012
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Psychological Bulletin 2011}}
 | archive-date = 2020-04-08
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200408190528/http://web.psych.utoronto.ca/gmacdonald/macdonald%20%26%20leary%2C%202005a.pdf
 | dead-url = no
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = A Broken Heart can Really Hurt You
 | publisher = [[BPDFamily.com]]
 | url = http://bpdfamily.com/content/broken-heart-can-hurt-you
 | accessdate = 14 June 2015
 | ref = {{sfnRef|BPDFamily.com 2015}}
 | archive-date = 2015-08-14
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150814010752/http://bpdfamily.com/content/broken-heart-can-hurt-you
 | dead-url = no
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = What Causes Chest Pain When Feelings Are Hurt?
 | publisher = [[科学美国人|Scientific American]]
 | url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-causes-chest-pains
 | accessdate = 18 March 2015
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Scientific American Mind 2015}}
 | archive-date = 2013-04-04
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130404051839/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-causes-chest-pains
 | dead-url = no
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = Study Illuminates The 'Pain' Of Social Rejection
 | publisher = [[密歇根大学|University of Michigan News Service]]
 | url = http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/8332
 | accessdate = 3 November 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|University of Michigan News Service 2011}}
 | archive-date = 2016-12-31
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161231153834/http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/8332
 | dead-url = no
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = Diseases And Conditions: Broken Heart Syndrome
 | publisher = [[马约诊所|Mayo Clinic]]
 | url = http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-heart-syndrome/basics/definition/con-20034635
 | accessdate = 18 March 2015
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Mayo Clinic 2015}}
 | archive-date = 2016-10-20
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161020044033/http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-heart-syndrome/basics/definition/con-20034635
 | dead-url = no
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = Grief, Depressive Symptoms, And Physical Health Among Recently Bereaved Spouses
 | publisher = The Gerontologist
 | url = http://gerontologist.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/12/07/geront.gnr110.full
 | accessdate = 18 March 2015
 | ref = {{sfnRef|The Gerontologist 2015}}
 | archive-date = 2015-05-13
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150513220822/http://gerontologist.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/12/07/geront.gnr110.full
 | dead-url = no
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | title=Social Rejection Shares Somatosensory Representations With Physical Pain
 | publisher=[[美国国家科学院|National Academy of Sciences]]
 | url=http://www.pnas.org/content/108/15/6270.abstract
 | accessdate=3 November 2011
 | ref={{sfnRef|National Academy of Sciences 2011}}
 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1102693108
 | volume=108
 | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
 | pages=6270–6275
 | pmid=21444827
 | pmc=3076808
 | date=April 2011
 | author=Kross E, Berman MG, Mischel W, Smith EE, Wager TD
 | archive-date=2020-11-04
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104153353/https://www.pnas.org/content/108/15/6270.abstract
 | dead-url=no
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = Age-Related Changes In Slow Wave Sleep And REM Sleep And Relationship With Growth Hormone And Cortisol Levels In Healthy Men
 | publisher = [[美国医学会杂志|The Journal of the American Medical Association]]
 | url = http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=192981
 | accessdate = 18 March 2015
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Journal of the American Medial Association 2015}}
 | archive-date = 2016-05-26
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160526235356/http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=192981
 | dead-url = no
 }}

==外部链接==
*{{commonscat-inline|Broken heart symbols|心碎}}

[[Category:愛]]
[[Category:身体隐喻]]
[[Category:各类情绪]]
[[Category:痛苦]]