编辑“︁岩鹭”︁

{{Rough translation|time=2025-04-28T07:30:19+00:00}}
{{speciesbox
| name = 岩鹭
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Egretta sacra'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22696980A131759460 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696980A131759460.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Eastern Reef Egret.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = 白色型
| image2 = Eastern Reef Egret - dark morph.jpg
| image2_width = 250px
| image2_caption = 暗色型
| genus = Egretta
| species = sacra
| authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1789)<ref name='id1374'>{{cite web| url =http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/BjdwSpecies.php?action=view&id=1374| title =岩鹭| work =《中国动物物种编目数据库》| publisher =中国科学院微生物研究所| author =中国科学院动物研究所| accessdate =2009-04-04| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010240/http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/BjdwSpecies.php?action=view&id=1374| archivedate =2016-03-05}}</ref>
}}

'''岩鹭'''（[[学名]]：{{lang|la|''Egretta sacra''}}）为[[鹭科]][[白鹭属]]的[[鸟类]]。是一種分布於南部[[亞洲]]和[[大洋洲]]的[[鷺]]。它有兩種顏色型態，分別是板岩灰或純白色羽毛。雌雄外觀相似。

==分類==
岩鷺在1789年由德國自然學家[[約翰·弗里德里希·格梅林]]正式描述，他在[[卡爾·林奈]]的《[[自然系統]]''》修訂和擴展版中介紹了這個物種''。他將其與鷺、鶴和白鷺一起歸入''[[蒼鷺屬]]（Ardea）''，並創造了[[雙名法|雙名]]''Ardea sacra''。<ref>{{cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin | year=1789 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 2 | language=la | location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | pages=640–641 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2656133 | access-date=2024-08-06 | archive-date=2023-12-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209075857/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2656133 | dead-url=no }}</ref> 格梅林的描述是基於英國鳥類學家[[約翰·萊瑟姆]]在1785年其多卷作品中描述的“聖鷺”。自然學家[[約瑟夫·班克斯]]提供了一個在大溪地收集到的白色型態標本給萊瑟姆。<ref>{{cite book | last=Latham | first=John | author-link=John Latham (ornithologist) | year=1785 | title=A General Synopsis of Birds | volume=3, Part 1 | publisher=Printed for Leigh and Sotheby | location=London | pages=92–93, No. 62 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40078851 | access-date=2024-08-06 | archive-date=2022-11-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129101018/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40078851 | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=215 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108855 | access-date=2024-08-06 | archive-date=2022-11-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129100948/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108855 | dead-url=no }}</ref> 岩鷺現在被歸入由德國自然學家[[w:Johann Reinhold Forster|約翰·賴因霍爾德·福斯特]]於1817年引入的''[[白鷺屬]]（Egretta）''中的12個其他物種中。<ref>{{cite book | last=Forster | first=T. | author-link=Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster | year=1817 | title=A Synoptical Catalogue of British Birds; intended to identify the species mentioned by different names in several catalogues already extant. Forming a book of reference to Observations on British ornithology | publisher=Nichols, son, and Bentley | location=London | page=59 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13330976 | access-date=2024-08-06 | archive-date=2024-04-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408013912/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13330976 | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web | editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=August 2022 | title=Ibis, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/pelicans/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=28 November 2022 | archive-date=2020-04-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423214825/https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/pelicans/ | dead-url=no }}</ref> 這個屬名來自[[普羅旺斯方言|普羅旺斯法語]]中的[[小白鷺]]，''aigrette''，是''aigron''“鷺”的縮小形式。種小名''sacra''來自[[拉丁語]]''sacer''，意思是“神聖的”。<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n143/mode/1up 143], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n345/mode/1up 345]}}</ref> 岩鷺在太平洋地區的原住民中有多種名稱。在[[紐西蘭]]，有多個名稱，包括''kākatai''，''matuku moana''和''matuku tai''。<ref>{{cite book |last=Ryan |first=P. M. |date=2012 |title=The Raupo Dictionary of Modern Māori |publisher=Raupō |isbn=9780143567899 }}</ref> 在斐濟稱為''belō''，在[[薩摩亞]]稱為''matu'u''，在[[紐埃]]、[[湯加]]和[[瓦利斯島]]稱為''motuku''。<ref name="Watling">{{cite book |last=Watling |first=Dick |date=2001 |title=A guide to the birds of Fiji & Western Polynesia |publisher=Environmental Consultants Fiji |location=Suva, Fiji |page=99}}</ref>

有兩個[[亞種]]被認可：<ref name=ioc/>
* ''E. s. sacra''（格梅林，JF，1789）——孟加拉南部沿海和[[安達曼群島]]到[[琉球群島]]（日本南部）、澳大利亞（不包括南部外島）、[[美拉尼西亞]]（不包括[[新喀里多尼亞]]）到[[土阿莫土群島]]（東波利尼西亞）。中國分布于[[台湾]]以及[[中国大陆]]的[[海南]]、[[浙江]]、[[福建]]、[[广东]]、[[澎湖列岛]]等地。<ref name='id1375'>{{cite web| url =http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/BjdwSpecies.php?action=view&id=1375| title =岩鹭指名亚种| work =《中国动物物种编目数据库》| publisher =中国科学院微生物研究所| author =中国科学院动物研究所| accessdate =2009-04-04| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101830/http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/BjdwSpecies.php?action=view&id=1375| archivedate =2016-03-05}}</ref>

* ''E. s. albolineata''（[[喬治·羅伯特·格雷]]，1859）——包括[[羅雅提群島|羅雅提群島]]在內的[[新喀里多尼亞]]

==描述==
岩鷺是中等大小的鷺，體長可達{{cvt|57|to|66|cm}}，翼展在{{cvt|90|and|110|cm}}之間，平均體重為17.029公克。這種物種顯示出一種不尋常的、非性別的[[多態性]]，一些成員擁有全白色羽毛（“淺色”型態），而其他（大部分）則是木炭灰色（“深色”型態）。顏色變異或“型態”的原因未知，但通常被認為與偽裝有關。未成熟鷺的羽毛趨向於更棕色和更暗淡。<ref name="Edgar">{{cite journal |last1=Edgar |first1=A. T. |date=1978 |title=The reef heron (''Egretta sacra'') in New Zealand |url=https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Notornis_25_1.pdf |journal=Notornis |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=25–58 |access-date=2024-08-06 |archive-date=2024-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419030951/https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Notornis_25_1.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>

岩鷺的腿為黃灰色，灰色變體的喉部和下巴有一條狹窄的白色條紋。牠們的喙為棕色，眼睛呈金黃色，臉部周圍通常呈綠色到黃色。<ref name="Edgar" /><ref name=hanzab>{{cite book | editor1-last=Marchant | editor1-first=S. | editor2-last=Higgins | editor2-first=P.G. | year=1990 | chapter=''Ardea sacra'' Eastern Reef Egret | title=Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 1: Ratites to ducks; Part B, Australian pelican to ducks | location=Melbourne, Victoria | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-553068-1 | pages=1002–1009, Plate 71 | chapter-url=https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/151_Reef%20Heron.pdf | access-date=2024-08-06 | archive-date=2024-07-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727034851/https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/151_Reef%20Heron.pdf | dead-url=no }}</ref>

==分布與棲地==
岩鷺廣泛分布於南亞和大洋洲。在[[澳大利亞]]，岩鷺棲息於大部分海岸線和包括[[托雷斯海峽群島]]在內的離岸島嶼。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lavery |first1=Tyrone H. |last2=Watson |first2=Justin J. |last3=Leung |first3=Luke K.-P. |date=2012 |title=Terrestrial vertebrate richness of the inhabited Torres Strait Islands, Australia |journal=Australian Journal of Zoology |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=180–191 |doi=10.1071/ZO12043 |s2cid=73537024 }}</ref>

南亞分布于[[东南亚]]、[[台湾]]以及[[中国大陆]]的[[海南]]、[[广东]]、[[福建]]、[[浙江]]等地，主要生活于岩壁海岸或小岛上以及筑巢于岩壁或树上。

大洋洲分布於[[澳大利亚]]、[[紐西兰]]、[[密克罗尼西亚岛群|密克羅尼西亞]]，在[[關島]]、[[馬紹爾群島]]、[[北馬里亞納群島]]和[[帛琉]]等多個島嶼有繁殖記錄。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wiles |first1=Gary J.|date=2005 |title=A checklist of the birds and mammals of Micronesia |journal=Micronesia |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=149–189}}</ref> 該物種還分布於西[[波利尼西亞]]的各個地區，包括[[斐濟]]、<ref name="Watling" /> [[法屬波利尼西亞]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beaune |first1=David |last2=Ghestemme |first2=Thomas |last3=Raust |first3=Philippe |last4=Blanvillain |first4=Caroline |date=2018 |title=Herons of French Polynesia: threats, status and conservation |journal=Journal of Heron Biology and Conservation |volume=3 |url=https://www.heronconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/JHBC/vol03/03_02_Beaune_et_al.pdf |access-date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=2020-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130015652/https://www.heronconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/JHBC/vol03/03_02_Beaune_et_al.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>和[[湯加]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steadman |first1=David W.|date=1993 |title=Biogeography of Tongan birds before and after human impact |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=818–882 |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.3.818|pmid=11607357|pmc=45761|bibcode=1993PNAS...90..818S|doi-access=free }}</ref>，但不在[[紐埃]]繁殖。<ref name="Watling" /> 1991年和2018年對斐濟島嶼[[羅圖馬]]進行的調查表明，岩鷺最近已經在該島定居。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cibois |first1=Alice |last2=Thibault |first2=Jean-Claude |last3=Watling |first3=Dick |date=2019 |title=Birds and bats of Rotuma, Fiji |url=https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Cibois_66_etal_139-149_-_3.pdf |journal=Notornis |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=139–149 |access-date=2024-08-06 |archive-date=2023-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224123411/https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Cibois_66_etal_139-149_-_3.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>

[[紐西蘭]]被認為是岩鷺分布的南限。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=Mike |date=2010 |title=A census of reef herons (''Ardea sacra'') in the Marlborough Sounds |url=https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Bell_2010_0.pdf |journal=Notornis |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=152–155 |access-date=2024-08-06 |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408170015/https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Bell_2010_0.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> 儘管相對罕見，該物種在全國範圍內都有分布，但在[[北地大區]]最為常見。<ref>{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=Stuart |date=2009 |title=Birds of New Zealand: locality guide |edition=3rd |url=http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/EGRSAC_Chambers.pdf |location=Orewa, New Zealand |publisher=Arun Books |page=91 |access-date=2024-08-06 |archive-date=2021-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228065151/https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/EGRSAC_Chambers.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>

该物种的模式产地在[[太平洋]]的[[大溪地]]。<ref name='id1374'/>

==行為與生態==

===繁殖===
該物種全年在叢林中的棕櫚樹和紅樹林之間，或舊建築物的空洞中築巢群居繁殖。巢由樹枝和花朵構成，產下2-3枚淡綠藍色的蛋。雄性和雌性共同孵卵，通常有28天的孵卵期。雛鳥孵化後，親鳥育雛時間約五週。<ref name=NZBO/>

===食物與覓食===
它們的食物來源主要由各種海洋魚類、[[甲殼類]]、[[軟體動物]]和蠕蟲組成。<ref name=NZBO>{{cite web |url=http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/reef-heron |title=Reef heron ''Egretta sacra'' |publisher=New Zealand Birds Online |accessdate=29 May 2021 |archive-date=2021-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303205208/http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/reef-heron |dead-url=no }}</ref>

==保育狀況==
在紐西蘭，岩鷺被列為“國家瀕危”物種。在[[惠靈頓地區]]被分類為“區域性危急”。<ref>{{Cite report|last1=McArthur|first1=Nikki|last2=Ray|first2=Samantha|last3=Crowe|first3=Patrick|last4=Bell|first4=Mike|date=August 2019|title=A baseline survey of the indigenous bird values of the Wellington region coastline|url=https://www.gw.govt.nz/assets/Our-Environment/Environmental-monitoring/Environmental-Reporting/Wellington-coastal-bird-survey-report-July-2019-v4.pdf|page=19|access-date=2024-08-06|archive-date=2021-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104053927/https://www.gw.govt.nz/assets/Our-Environment/Environmental-monitoring/Environmental-Reporting/Wellington-coastal-bird-survey-report-July-2019-v4.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>

* [[中國國家重點保護野生動物名錄|中国国家重点保护动物]]等级：二级

== 圖庫 ==
<gallery>
File:Juvenile Reef Egret.jpg|暗色型岩鷺的亞成鳥，攝於[[澳洲]]
File:Eastern Reef Egret - dark and light morphs-trim.jpg|白色型與暗色型的岩鷺
File:Eastern reef egrets in Ko Tao.jpg|白色型與暗色型的岩鷺，攝於[[泰國]]
Eastern Reef-Egret96.ogg|[[w:Mooloolaba, Queensland|穆盧拉巴]], 澳洲
</gallery>

==註釋==
{{reflist}}

== 参考文献 ==
{{refbegin}}
* [[Bruce Campbell (ornithologist)|Bruce Campbell]] (1974). ''The Dictionary of Birds in Colour.'' George Rainbird Ltd., London.
{{refend}}

==外部連結==
* [http://www.underwaterkwaj.com/land/bird-kwaj/Egretta-sacra-k08a-160424.jpg 图片] {{Wayback|url=http://www.underwaterkwaj.com/land/bird-kwaj/Egretta-sacra-k08a-160424.jpg |date=20210131203920 }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q392232}}

[[Category:白鹭属|Y]]
[[Category: 1789年描述的鸟类|Y]]