编辑“︁医生”︁

{{Other uses|醫生 (消歧义)}}
{{NoteTA|G1=ME
|t=zh-cn:医师;zh-tw:醫師;zh-hk:醫生;
|1=zh-cn:医师;zh-tw:醫師;zh-hk:醫生;
|2=zh-cn:护理师;zh-tw:護理師;zh-hk:護士;
}}
{{medical}}
{{Infobox Occupation
|name = 醫生
|image = [[File:The Doctor Luke Fildes crop.jpg|250px]]
|caption = {{le|盧克·菲爾德斯|Luke Fildes}}繪製的《{{le|醫生 (繪畫)|The Doctor (painting)|醫生}}》
|official_names = 醫生、醫師
|type = [[專業人士]]
|activity_sector = [[醫學]]、[[醫療衛生]]
|competencies =  [[醫學]]的[[倫理]]、[[藝術]]、[[科學]]，{{le|分析技巧|analytical skill}}，[[批判性思維|思辨能力]]
|formation = [[內外全科醫學士]]、[[醫學士]]、[[醫學碩士]]、[[醫學博士]]、[[骨病醫學士]]、{{le|足科醫師|Podiatrist}}
|employment_field = [[診所]]、[[醫院]]
|related_occupation = [[一般科醫師]]、[[外科醫師]]、[[專科醫師]]
|average_salary =
}}

'''醫生'''（{{langx|en|physician}}{{efn|英語的「{{lang|en|physician}}」可以是「醫師」或「[[內科學|內科醫師]]」。}}、{{lang|en|medical doctor}}、{{lang|en|doctor}}），中國古代称'''大夫'''或'''郎中'''，是從事[[醫學]]業務的[[專業人士]]，經由[[医学教育|研習]]、[[診斷]]、[[預後]]、[[治療]]各種[[疾病]]、[[創傷]]、身心損傷，以促進、維持、恢復[[健康]]。

汉字「'''醫-{}-生'''」是香港、澳门对[[现代医学]]从业者的专业职称{{efn|{{langx|en|medical practitioner}}，{{langx|pt|médico}}。}}，而中国大陆、台湾、日本、韩国、朝鲜则称为'''醫-{}-師'''<ref>{{cite news|title=医-{}-师跟医-{}-生的区别|url=https://www.jinyingjie.com/kouqiang/wenda/detail-36650-1.html#:~:text=%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%9F%EF%BC%9A%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A7%E5%88%AB%E6%97%A0%E5%85%B3%EF%BC%8C%E5%AF%B9,%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%9F%E7%A7%B0%E3%80%82&text=%E5%8C%BB%E5%B8%88%EF%BC%9A%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%97%E8%BF%87%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6,%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%98%AF%E6%8C%87%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%9F%E3%80%82|publisher=金英杰医学|date=2021-12-20|accessdate=2024-01-19|archive-date=2024-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119185629/https://www.jinyingjie.com/kouqiang/wenda/detail-36650-1.html#:~:text=%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%9F%EF%BC%9A%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A7%E5%88%AB%E6%97%A0%E5%85%B3%EF%BC%8C%E5%AF%B9,%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%9F%E7%A7%B0%E3%80%82&text=%E5%8C%BB%E5%B8%88%EF%BC%9A%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%97%E8%BF%87%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6,%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%98%AF%E6%8C%87%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%9F%E3%80%82|dead-url=no}}</ref>。醫師可能會將其執業重點放在特定的疾病類別、病患類型、治療方法上，即[[專科醫師]]，或可能負責為個人、家庭、社區提供持續性和全面性的醫療保健服務，即[[一般科醫師]]<ref>[[World Health Organization]]: ''[https://www.who.int/hrh/statistics/Health_workers_classification.pdf?ua=1 Classifying health workers] {{Wayback|url=https://www.who.int/hrh/statistics/Health_workers_classification.pdf?ua=1 |date=20201115184022 }}''. Source: Adapted from International Labour Organization, International Standard Classification of Occupations: ISCO-08 (www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco08/index.htm).</ref>。「醫-{}-生」{{Citation needed|的「生」指[[先生]]，為敬称}}。日语中「醫-{}-生」指[[医学生]]；而在日本统治时期的[[日治朝鲜|朝鲜]]和[[日治台湾|台湾]]，「醫-{}-生」指[[传统医学]]从业者<ref>{{cite journal|author=丁崑健|title=日治時期漢醫政策初探─醫生資格檢定考試|url=http://ir.nou.edu.tw/bitstream/987654321/1021/3/B1304-%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E6%BC%A2%E9%86%AB%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A2%E2%94%80%E9%86%AB%E7%94%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%A0%BC%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A%E8%80%83%E8%A9%A6.pdf|publisher=國立空中大學生活科學系生活科學學報|year=2009|access-date=2024-01-19|archive-date=2024-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120015047/http://ir.nou.edu.tw/bitstream/987654321/1021/3/B1304-%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E6%BC%A2%E9%86%AB%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A2%E2%94%80%E9%86%AB%E7%94%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%A0%BC%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A%E8%80%83%E8%A9%A6.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Kang Yeonseok|title=The Characteristics of Korean Medicine Based on Time Classification|work= Chinese Medicine: The Global Influence of an Evolving Heritage|year=2011|doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.5630|quote=However, Western medical doctors were referred to as “Euisa” (kor. trans. of 醫-{}-師 – doctors), while Korean medical doctors were referred to as “Euisaeng” (kor. trans. of 醫-{}-生 – medical students).}}</ref>。

中國[[三国]][[孫吳|東吳]]名医[[董奉]]晚年为百姓治病不收诊费和药钱，但要求病人痊愈后必须到山上种植[[杏树]]，名为「康乐杏」，后来「杏林」用於指「醫界」<ref>{{cite book | last = 葛洪 | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 神仙传 | publisher = | date = 东晋 | location = 东晋 | pages = 第十卷 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref>。

== 人力短缺 ==
{{main|{{le|醫師的供應|Physician supply}}}}
[[File:Medical_doctors_per_1,000_people,_OWID.svg|thumb|2018年每千人擁有的醫師人數]]
許多[[開發中國家]]有醫生人力不足的問題。2015年，{{le|美國醫學院協會|Association of American Medical Colleges}}，雖然美國如今擁有超過一百萬名職業醫生<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/186269/total-active-physicians-in-the-us/|title=存档副本|access-date=2024-02-11|archive-date=2024-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616200754/https://www.statista.com/statistics/186269/total-active-physicians-in-the-us/|dead-url=no}}</ref>，提醒[[美國]]在2025年可能面臨高達9萬名醫生的人力短缺<ref>{{cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Lenny |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/03/03/u-s-faces-90000-doctor-shortage-by-2025-medical-school-association-warns/ |title=U.S. faces 90,000 doctor shortage by 2025, medical school association warns |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=3 March 2015 |accessdate=27 October 2016 |archive-date=2018-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123122057/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/03/03/u-s-faces-90000-doctor-shortage-by-2025-medical-school-association-warns/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

== 社會角色和世界觀 ==
{{main|醫療人類學|醫學史}}

=== 生物醫學 ===
受[[西方文化]]影響，近幾個世紀以來醫學越來越走向科學的[[還原論]]和[[唯物主義]]，醫療人類學家通常稱之為[[生物醫學]]<ref name="hahn1">{{cite book |editor1-first= R.A. Hahn|editor1-last= A. Gaines|title= Physicians of western medicine  |year= 1985|publisher=  D. Reidel|location=   Dordrecht (Netherlands)|isbn= 90-277-1790-7|pages= 3–22| chapter= Chapter 1: Introduction (by editors)}}</ref>，這種發展型態在現代工業化的世界占主導地位。生物醫學「以文化上獨特方式系統性的闡述[[人體]]和[[疾病]]」<ref name="Good94">{{cite book |author=Good, Byron J |title=Medicine, rationality, and experience: an anthropological perspective (based on the Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures, at the University of Rochester, NY, in March 1990)|url=https://archive.org/details/medicinerational0000good |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1994 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/medicinerational0000good/page/65 65], 65–87 |chapter=Chapter (pbk)3 |isbn=0-521-42576-X}}</ref>，是[[醫學生]]學習的[[世界觀]]。依此常規，{{Le|醫學模型|Medical model}}是培訓所有醫生的完整程序<ref name="Laing71">{{cite book |author=Laing, R.D. |title=The politics of the family and other essays |publisher=Tavistock Publications |location=London |year=1971 }}</ref>，包括心理態度。

=== 醫生自身健康 ===
有些[[評論員]]認為醫生有責任在健康事務上為民眾樹立榜樣，例如不[[吸菸]]<ref name="#1">{{cite journal |author=Appel JM |title=Smoke and mirrors: one case for ethical obligations of the physician as public role model |journal=Camb Q Healthc Ethics |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=95–100 |year=2009 |pmid=19149049 |doi=10.1017/S0963180108090142}}</ref>。確實在多數[[西方國家]]醫生相對較少吸煙，他們的專業知識的確對其健康和生活方式產生有益的影響。根據對男性醫生的研究<ref name=frank>{{cite journal |author=Frank E|author2=Biola H|author3=Burnett CA |title=Mortality rates and causes among U.S. physicians |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-preventive-medicine_2000-10_19_3/page/155|journal=Am J Prev Med |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=155–9 |date=October 2000 |pmid=11020591 |doi=10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00201-4}}</ref>，醫生的[[預期壽命]]（白人73歲，黑人69歲）比[[律師]]或許多其他受高等教育的[[專業人士]]略高。與一般民眾相比，醫生較為少見的死因包括[[呼吸系統疾病]]（包括[[肺炎]]、[[塵肺病]]、[[慢性阻塞性肺病]]，但不包括[[肺氣腫]]和其他慢性呼吸道阻塞）、[[酒精]]相關疾病、[[大腸癌|乙狀結腸直腸癌]]、[[肛門癌]]、[[病原細菌|細菌性疾病]]<ref name=frank/>。

醫生容易受[[職業危害]]，有格言說「醫生會成為最糟糕的病人」{{efn|{{langx|en|Doctors make the worst patients.}}}}<ref name="#1"/>，主因是醫生發現自己有症狀時，會比一般的病患[[焦慮]]，醫生會將之前在醫學院學習的[[疾病]]套用在自己身上<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Spiro HM |title=When doctors get sick. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_perspectives-in-biology-and-medicine_autumn-1987_31_1/page/117 |journal=Perspect Biol Med |date=1987 |volume=31 |page=117-133}}</ref>並推想最糟糕的[[診斷]]或結果<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Alliborne A |author2=Oakes D |author3=Shannon HS |title=The health and healthcare of doctors |journal=J R Coll Gen Pract |date=1981 |volume=31 |page=728-734}}</ref>。焦慮可能使之拒絕承認症狀或其意義<ref>{{cite journal |title=The doctor as a patient |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-world-news_1972-05-19_13_20/page/n72 |journal=Med World News |date=1972 |volume=13 |pages=56-65}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Stoudemire A |author2=Rhoads JM |title=When the doctor needs a doctor: special considerations for the physician-patient |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1983-05_98_5/page/654 |journal=Ann Intern Med |date=1983 |volume=98 |pages=654-659}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ness DE |author2=Ende J |title=Denial in the medical interview: recognition and management |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1994-12-14_272_22_0/page/n91 |journal=JAMA |date=1994 |volume=272 |pages=1777-1781}}</ref>，導致延遲就醫<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Robbins GT |author2=Macdonald MC |author3=Pack GT |title=Delays in the diagnosis and treatment of physicians with cancer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cancer_1953-05_6_3/page/624 |journal=Cancer |date=1953 |volume=6 |pages=624-626}}</ref>。焦慮可能影響[[病史]]，使之忽視重要的部分以避免為其診治的醫生做出嚴重的結論或行動<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Edelstein EL |author2=Baider L |author3=Baron H |title=Physicians as patients: a comparative study of attitudes of physicians and non-physicians |journal=Psychopathology |date=1984 |volume=17 |pages=213-216}}</ref>。醫生較其他人多見的死因包括{{le|醫生自殺|Suicide among doctors}}、[[自我傷害]]、藥物相關致死、[[交通事故]]、[[腦血管疾病]]、[[冠狀動脈疾病]]<ref name=schneck>{{cite journal |author=Schneck SA |title='Doctoring' doctors and their families |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1998-12-16_280_23/page/n101 |journal=JAMA |volume=280 |issue=23 |pages=2039–42 |date=December 1998 |pmid=9863860 |doi=10.1001/jama.280.23.2039 }}</ref>。醫生也容易[[職業過勞]]，其表現為長期的壓力反應，特徵包含對病患的照護品質變差、情緒疲憊、個人成就感下降。{{le|美國醫療照護暨品質研究所|Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality}}的研究報告顯示時間壓力是造成職業過勞的最大原因。[[美國醫學會]]的調查顯示超過一半的受訪者認為「太多的官僚任務」是職業過勞的主要原因<ref>{{cite web |title=Physician Burnout |url=https://www.ahrq.gov/prevention/clinician/ahrq-works/burnout/index.html |website=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |accessdate=31 July 2020 |date=July 2017 |archive-date=2020-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115184007/https://www.ahrq.gov/prevention/clinician/ahrq-works/burnout/index.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Berg |first1=Sara |title=Physician burnout: It’s not you, it’s your medical specialty |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/residents-students/specialty-profiles/physician-burnout-it-s-not-you-it-s-your-medical-specialty |website=American Medical Association |accessdate=31 July 2020 |date=3 August 2018 |archive-date=2020-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115184015/https://www.ama-assn.org/residents-students/specialty-profiles/physician-burnout-it-s-not-you-it-s-your-medical-specialty |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

[[中華民國]]醫師因為沒有納入《[[勞動基準法 (中華民國)|勞動基準法]]》，長期處在[[過勞]]狀態，甚至因值勤過久與壓力因素導致[[中風]]、[[猝死]]等情形<ref>{{cite news |title=中風、猝死...醫師過勞 4個月倒下了4位… |url=https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/1686024 |accessdate=2020-10-05 |work=自由時報 |date=2016-05-05|archive-date=2020-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115184009/https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/1686024 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=4個月內倒下4位…台灣醫師中風、猝死頻傳 |url=https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=143835 |accessdate=2020-10-05 |work=三立新聞網 |date=2016-05-05|archive-date=2020-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115184039/https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=143835 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。2017年2月仍然有許多加班過勞的醫師與[[護理師]]<ref>{{cite news |author1=吳若瑜 |title=致衛福部：生育事故救濟計畫明走入歷史，我們仍被擋在救濟網絡之外 |url=https://tw.appledaily.com/forum/20161231/QRCBOEKJGHIITHCJVLKDLQVZTY/ |accessdate=2020-11-11 |work=蘋果即時 |date=2016-12-31|archive-date=2020-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115184026/https://tw.appledaily.com/forum/20161231/QRCBOEKJGHIITHCJVLKDLQVZTY/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。[[中華民國勞動部]]公告住院醫師自2019年9月1日起適用《勞動基準法》<ref>{{cite web |title=勞動部公告「醫療保健服務業僱用之住院醫師自108年9月1日起適用《勞動基準法》」 |url=https://www.mol.gov.tw/announcement/2099/39388/ |website=勞動部 |accessdate=2020-10-05 |archive-date=2020-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115184013/https://www.mol.gov.tw/announcement/2099/39388/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>，但工時反而變長<ref>{{cite news |author1=賴淑敏 |author2=蔣龍祥 |title=住院醫師納勞基法月餘 工時反而變長 |url=https://news.pts.org.tw/article/451290 |accessdate=2020-10-05 |work=公視新聞網 |date=2019-10-21 |archive-date=2020-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115184019/https://news.pts.org.tw/article/451290 |dead-url=no }}</ref>，主治醫師則尚未納入<ref>{{cite news |author1=陳光輝 |title=主治醫師尚未納勞基法，勞動權益受損怎麼辦？ |url=https://tw.appledaily.com/forum/20200528/DBJGVDEA2EXRHRLYM3H5MNFSDA/ |accessdate=2020-10-05 |work=蘋果即時新聞 |date=2020-05-28|archive-date=2020-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115184018/https://tw.appledaily.com/forum/20200528/DBJGVDEA2EXRHRLYM3H5MNFSDA/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=潘建志 |title=主治醫生未納勞基法 血汗被剝削 |url=https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20200614000439-260107 |accessdate=2020-10-05 |work=中時新聞網 |date=2020-06-14|archive-date=2020-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115184052/https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20200614000439-260107?chdtv |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

== 教育与訓練 ==
{{main|醫學教育}}
{{see also|{{le|住院醫師訓練|Residency (medicine)|住院醫師}}|{{le|Attending physician||主治醫師}}}}
世界各地的醫學教育訓練與職業途徑都不同。

=== 美國 ===
在美國要成為醫生可讀取幾種不同的學位：醫學士學位Medical Doctor（簡稱MD), [[骨科医学博士|整骨醫學博士]](Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine, DO) 或是[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiatric%20medical%20school 足科醫學博士]（Doctor of Podiatric Medicine, DPM)。醫學學位屬於大學後專業博士學位（graduate-entry professional degree），與其他「專業博士」學位，包括[[牙醫學|牙醫學士]]（Doctor of Dental Science，D.D.S.）以及[[法律博士]]（Juris Doctor, J.D.) 等擁有相同的地位<ref>{{cite book |author1=Wadsack, Ingrid; Kasparovsky, Heinz. |title=Higher Education in Austria.}}</ref>。國際教育標準分類法將美國的[[法律博士]]（J.D.）、醫學士（M.D.）和牙醫學士（D.D.S.）等專業學位視為 ISCED 2011 level 7 （ISCED-P: 757 or 767），等效於[[硕士|碩士]]學位等級<ref>{{cite web |title=OECD, European Union. [ISCED 2011 level 7: master’s or equivalent level ISCED 2011 level 7: master’s or equivalent level]}}</ref>。

醫學士學位是必須在就讀完[[大學]]學位才可申請的。大學課程領域沒有一定限制，可以是理科或是文科，包括生物,物理,數學，也可以是社會,音樂,歷史等等文科<ref>{{cite web |author1=america medical society |title=Which undergrad majors are best for med school? |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/medical-students/preparing-medical-school/which-undergrad-majors-are-best-med-school |publisher=American medical Society |access-date=2024-02-11 |archive-date=2024-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225213434/https://www.ama-assn.org/medical-students/preparing-medical-school/which-undergrad-majors-are-best-med-school |dead-url=no }}</ref>。在入门训练完成之后，刚毕业的医生需要三至八年的时间在監督下行医，此時為[[實習醫師]]<ref name="r1">{{cite web |title=How to Become a Doctor |url=https://www.learnhowtobecome.org/doctor/ |website=learnhowtobecome |accessdate=2020-11-13 |archive-date=2020-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213054338/https://www.learnhowtobecome.org/doctor/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=New York Health |url=https://www.healthcareersinfo.net/physicians/#:~:text=Once%20in%20medical%20school%2C%20students,depending%20on%20the%20specialty%20selected. |title=存档副本 |access-date=2024-02-11 |archive-date=2023-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923181012/https://www.healthcareersinfo.net/physicians/#:~:text=Once%20in%20medical%20school%2C%20students,depending%20on%20the%20specialty%20selected. |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

畢業生擁有大學給予的醫學學位，使其有資格根據特定國家（有時是多個國家）的法律許可取得[[醫師執照]]，但必須滿足實習或其他額外條件。

=== 臺灣 ===
在[[臺灣]]，[[醫學院]]提供6年制[[醫學系]]或4年制學士後醫學系，畢業前1－2年為{{le|見習醫師|Clinical clerkship}}，可進行醫學觀察，不能執行醫療介入；畢業取得[[醫學士]]學位後可參加考試<ref name="專科醫師甄審">{{cite web |title=專科醫師分科及甄審辦法 |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=l0020028 |website=全國法規資料庫 |accessdate=2020-10-22 |archive-date=2020-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115184045/https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=l0020028 |dead-url=no }}</ref>取得[[衛生福利部]]認證的{{le|醫師證書|Medical license}}。為避免醫療糾紛，2013年[[實習醫師]]階段改至取得醫師證書後接受{{le|畢業後教育|Postgraduate education|畢業後一般醫學訓練}}（PGY訓練）<ref>{{cite web |title=台灣醫學系改制之歷史脈絡簡介與課程整合規畫 |url=https://www1.cgmh.org.tw/intr/intr2/ebmlink/36100/enews/me_epaper_106-04.htm |website=林口長庚醫教電子報 |accessdate=2020-10-19 |archive-date=2020-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115184055/https://www1.cgmh.org.tw/intr/intr2/ebmlink/36100/enews/me_epaper_106-04.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>。須經2年PGY訓練方可獨立開業，如[[一般科醫師]]。PGY訓練後多數醫師選擇各專科醫學會認可的[[教學醫院]]訓練其[[醫學專科|專科]]（如：[[內科]]），應徵成為「住院醫師」，與同科「主治醫師」共同照顧病患並從中學習，訓練期滿通過考試可取得專科醫師認證<ref name="專科醫師甄審" />。部分專科設有次專科（如：[[心臟內科]]），以求更專業的治療該類病患，訓練期間為「研修醫師」（{{langx|en|Fellow}}），訓練期滿通過考試可取得次專科認證。並非所有專科或次專科皆受衛生福利部認證。一般科或專科醫師自行成立醫療院所或受雇執業，則為「主治醫師」。

== 規範 ==
在大多數的司法管轄區，醫生需要[[政府]]許可才能執業，除了是為了促進[[公共安全]]，也能保護政府支出，因為各國政府常提供醫療補貼。未經許可而行醫者稱為[[密醫]]。

在某些司法管轄區，例如[[新加坡]]，即使醫生僅有基本[[理學士]]學位（非[[醫學士]]），也常會在信件或名片中使用「Dr」作為稱呼。在[[德國]]等其他國家或地區，只有擁有學術醫學士學位的醫生才能自稱為醫生，另一方面，{{le|歐洲研究理事會|European Research Council}}判定德國醫學士學位不符合[[哲學博士]]學位的國際標準<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bildung/qualitaet-medizinischer-promotionen-kommt-ein-doktor-zum-arzt--1.2673150|title=Kommt ein Doktor zum Arzt ...|first=Sarah|last=Schmidt|date=30 September 2017|accessdate=30 September 2017|website=Sueddeutsche.de|archive-date=2018-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406172355/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bildung/qualitaet-medizinischer-promotionen-kommt-ein-doktor-zum-arzt--1.2673150|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/von-der-leyen-in-der-kritik-schlechte-promotionen-sind-in-der-medizin-ueblich-a-1055039.html|title=Medizin-Promotionen: Akademische Ramschware|first=Bernd|last=Kramer|date=28 September 2015|accessdate=30 September 2017|website=Spiegel.de|archive-date=2018-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624133658/http://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/von-der-leyen-in-der-kritik-schlechte-promotionen-sind-in-der-medizin-ueblich-a-1055039.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

=== 績效和專業監督 ===
[[醫療疏失]]、[[藥物濫用]]、其他醫生專業問題在全世界引起廣泛關注<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lim MK |title=Quest for quality care and patient safety: the case of Singapore |journal=Qual Saf Health Care |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=71–5 |date=February 2004 |pmid=14757804 |pmc=1758053 |doi=10.1136/qshc.2002.004994  }}</ref>，特別是2000年一項重要報告<ref>Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, Institute of Medicine. (2000). To Err is Human: Building A Safer Health System. ''National Academies Press''. [http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9728#toc Free full-text] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9728#toc |date=20100727135642 }}.</ref>發表後，開啟了病患安全運動<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wachter RM |title=Patient safety at ten: unmistakable progress, troubling gaps |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_health-affairs_2010-01_29_1/page/165 |journal=Health Aff (Millwood) |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=165–73 |year=2010 |pmid=19952010 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0785 }}</ref>。

== 參見 ==
* {{le|人工智慧醫師|Artificial intelligence in healthcare}}
* [[醫患關係]]
* {{le|國際醫學畢業生|International medical graduate}}
* [[各國醫生數量列表]]
* [[醫學院列表]]
* {{le|醫師列表|List of physicians}}

== 註釋 ==
{{Notelist}}

== 参考文献 ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== 延伸閱讀 ==
{{refbegin}}
* Bell, Whitfield J. "Medical practice in colonial America." ''Bulletin of the History of Medicine'' 31.5 (1957): 442-453 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44449174 online] {{Wayback|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44449174 |date=20201213054406 }}.
* Hamilton, Bernice. “The Medical Professions in the Eighteenth Century.” ''Economic History Review'' 4#2 1951, pp. 141–169. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2599120 online] {{Wayback|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2599120 |date=20201213054413 }} in Britain
* Holloway, Sydney WF. "Medical education in England, 1830–1858: A sociological analysis." ''History'' 49.167 (1964): 299-324. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24404427 online] {{Wayback|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24404427 |date=20201213054417 }}
* Keevil, John Joyce. ''Medicine and the Navy, 1200-1900'' (4 vol E. & S. Livingstone, 1957) on Royal Navy
* Porter, Roy. ''Disease, medicine and society in England, 1550-1860'' (Cambridge University Press, 1995).
{{refend}}

== 外部連結 ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Physicians}}
{{醫學}}
{{醫事人員}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:健康照護職業]]
[[Category:医生| ]]