编辑“︁刺杀”︁

{{Redirect|暗杀}}
{{About|一種謀殺|棒球比賽中守備行為|刺殺 (棒球)}}
{{More footnotes needed|time=2021-02-20T17:01:18+00:00}}
[[File:Lee Harvey Oswald being shot by Jack Ruby as Oswald is being moved by police, 1963.jpg|250px|thumb|[[傑克·魯比]]掏出左輪手槍射殺正被警方押解的[[李·哈維·奧斯華]]前一刻。奧斯華被認為是[[甘迺迪遇刺案]]主嫌，並在案發後第二天遭魯比開槍擊斃。當時現場有許多記者正在拍攝押送過程，導致此事成為首宗被電視媒體大幅報導的刺杀案件。]]
'''刺杀'''（{{langx|en|assassination}}），或称'''行刺'''、'''密裁'''、'''暗杀'''{{efn|“暗杀”指的并不只是隐蔽式刺杀。词语中“暗”指的是“暗击”，即在目的不被他人所知的情况下出击（[[袭击|突袭]]、[[伏击]]），杀人过程无需隐蔽：中世纪的阿萨辛派和《[[史记·刺客列传]]》记载的杀手都是采用直接刺杀。为免产生疑惑，本条目以“刺杀”作为主要名称。}}，乃指选定少数目标进行的[[谋杀]]，一般是选定[[重要人物]]执行。<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-24 |title=Definition of ASSASSINATION |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/assassination |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Merriam-Webster |language=en}}</ref><ref>Black's Law Dictionary "the act of deliberately killing someone especially a public figure, usually for money or for political reasons" (''Legal Research, Analysis and Writing'' by William H. Putman [https://books.google.com/books?id=M0nlVU6M26AC p. 215] and {{cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://hir.harvard.edu/leadership/on-the-offensive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206230433/http://hir.harvard.edu/leadership/on-the-offensive|archive-date=December 6, 2010 |website= Harvard International Review |date=May 6, 2006 |first1=Kristen |last1=Eichensehr |title=On the Offensive — Assassination Policy Under International Law }}</ref>刺杀的缘由多种多样，一般是出于政治、意识形态、宗教、金融或军事[[动机]]。<ref>{{Citation |title=assassination, n. |date=2023-03-02 |work=Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://oed.com/dictionary/assassination_n |access-date=2024-12-05 |edition=3 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/oed/5671820672|url-access=subscription }}</ref>执行刺杀的人中，为自己的目的杀人的为'''[[刺客]]'''（{{lang|en|assassin}}），接受他人委托的则为'''[[杀手]]'''（{{lang|en|hitman}}）。

中国古代的刺客在《[[史记·刺客列传]]》就有记载，多是为理想杀人的悲剧形象。<ref>{{cite journal|author=张远|title=史记刺客形象研究|year=2019|publisher=西南民族大学文学与新闻传播学院}}</ref>刺杀出现在欧洲语境中乃是起源于中世纪的[[阿萨辛派]]，此门派最著名的策略乃是在大庭广众之下冒死刺杀宗教和政治敌人，产生威慑作用。<ref name="Daftary 1998, p. 129"> Daftary, Farhad (1990). The Ismailis: Their history and doctrines. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.  p. 129</ref>近现代的一些[[恐怖组织]]（爱尔兰[[新芬党]]、意大利[[烧炭党]]、俄罗斯[[民意党]]、中国[[斧头帮]]等）常密谋暗刺各国[[國家元首|元首]]、重要[[領袖]]。同樣地，许多国家的[[情报機構]]或[[秘密警察]]也有訓練成員執行秘密的刺客行動，例如[[美国]]的[[中央情报局]]（CIA）、[[蘇聯]]的[[克格勃|國安會]]（KGB，“克格勃”）、[[英國]]的[[軍情六處]]（MI6）、[[以色列]]的[[摩薩德|情報特勤局]]（Mossad，“摩薩德”）、[[中華人民共和國]]的[[中華人民共和國國家安全部|國安部]]（MSS）、[[中華民國]]的[[中華民國國家安全局|國安局]]（NSB）等，用以刺殺敵國或恐怖组织的高階[[领导人]]及[[持不同政見者]]。


==形式==
在政治與軍事策略上，刺杀的目的是藉由結束敵對勢力首腦的[[生命]]，以期能在短時間內達到恫嚇或瓦解敵方士氣、混亂或癱瘓敵方指揮系統。在執行方法上主要可被分為三種：
* 直接刺杀：直接刺殺、射殺、毒殺、斬殺或以炸彈炸死目標，雖然最簡單而直截了當、相對成本低而成功率高，但事件公開後有很大機會會對幕後主謀帶來麻煩。
* 意外式刺杀：透過蓄意製造[[車禍]]、[[空難]]、[[疾病]]、[[火災]]、失足、[[溺水]]、[[電擊]]、[[食物中毒]]，以製造目標遭遇意外逝世的假象，令執法部門難以追查。此等方法帶來的風險相對直接刺殺較低，但通常較為複雜，成本及失敗率亦相對較高。
* 隱蔽式刺杀：將目標殺害後偽裝成上吊、跳樓、自焚等[[自殺]]假象，或[[綁架]]至秘密地點殺害，屍體銷毀，企圖讓偵察人員無法尋獲。

另外有時為摧殺目標，常以誘餌誘引目標，誘餌往往藉由犧牲，使目標暴露蹤跡或共同毀滅，以達刺杀之目的。

== 參見 ==
* [[刺杀事件列表]]
* [[伊斯玛仪派]]
* [[死士]]
* [[槍殺]]
* [[忍者]]
* [[保镖]]

== 参考资料 ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

== 延伸閱讀 ==
{{refbegin}}
* Clarke, James W. (2006).  ''Defining Danger: American Assassins and the New Domestic Terrorists'', 2006.
* Clarke, James W. (2011).  "America's History of Crazy Political Assassins Didn't Begin with Loughner", ''History News Network'', Jan. 28, 2011.
* {{cite book |last=Porter |first=Lindsay |title=Assassination: a History of Political Murder |publisher=[[Thames and Hudson]]  |year=2010}} [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/7545208/Assassination-A-History-of-Political-Murder-by-Lindsay-Porter.html Review] {{Wayback|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/7545208/Assassination-A-History-of-Political-Murder-by-Lindsay-Porter.html |date=20130225065903 }} [[The Daily Telegraph]], Apr 3, 2010.
{{refend}}
{{Wikisource further reading}}

== 外部連結 ==
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{{commons category|Assassination}}
* [http://www.assassinology.org/ Assassinology.org] {{Wayback|url=http://www.assassinology.org/ |date=20130128101758 }} a website dedicated to the study of assassination
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091125153936/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/22792/notorious-assassinations Notorious Assassinations] – slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]''
* [[CNN]] [http://www.cnn.com/2002/LAW/11/04/us.assassination.policy A short article on the U.S. policy banning political assassination since 1976] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cnn.com/2002/LAW/11/04/us.assassination.policy |date=20150114100650 }} from CNN.com/Law Center, November 4, 2002. See also [[Gerald Ford|Ford's]] 1976 [http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/speeches/760110e.htm#assassination executive order] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/speeches/760110e.htm#assassination |date=20010714162157 }}. However, [[Executive Order 12333]], which prohibited the CIA from assassinations, was relaxed by the [[George W. Bush administration]].
* Kretzmer, David ''{{cite web |url=http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol16/No2/art1.pdf |title=Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: Extra-Judicial Executions or Legitimate Means of Defence? |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307150752/http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol16/No2/art1.pdf |archivedate=2008年3月7日 |deadurl=yes }}'' (PDF)
* [http://www.democracynow.org/2010/4/8/is_the_cia_assassination_order_of Is the CIA Assassination Order of a US Citizen Legal?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2010/4/8/is_the_cia_assassination_order_of |date=20130126133217 }} – video by ''[[Democracy Now!]]''

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[[Category:刺杀| ]]