编辑“︁氮”︁（章节）

===卤化物及卤氧化物===
[[File:Nitrogen trichloride.JPG|thumb|right|[[三氯化氮]]]]
氮能和四种卤素形成三卤化物，也可以形成混合卤化物和氢卤化物，如NClF<sub>2</sub>、NCl<sub>2</sub>F、NBrF<sub>2</sub>、NF<sub>2</sub>H、[[氟胺|NFH<sub>2</sub>]]、[[二氯胺|NCl<sub>2</sub>H]]、[[氯胺|NClH<sub>2</sub>]]。它们大多不稳定。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=438–42}}

[[三氟化氮]]（NF<sub>3</sub>）于1928年发现，是无色无味的气体，通过[[电解]]熔融的[[氟化铵]][[氟化氢]]溶液产生。<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Das Stickstoff-3-fluorid
| author = Otto Ruff, Joseph Fischer, Fritz Luft
| journal = Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie
| year = 1928
| volume = 172
| issue = 1
| pages = 417–425
| doi = 10.1002/zaac.19281720132
}}</ref>和[[四氟化碳]]一样，三氟化氮是稳定的，不与水、稀酸或稀碱反应。只有在加热时，它才会变得活泼，能氟化[[铜]]、砷、锑、铋。[[四氟肼]]（N<sub>2</sub>F<sub>4</sub>）在室温下可以分解成[[二氟化氮]]（NF<sub>2</sub>•）自由基，并达成平衡。<ref>{{cite book|title=F Fluorine: Compounds with Oxygen and Nitrogen|series=Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry| volume=4|date=1986| publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-662-06341-5|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-06339-2|page=162|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpfsCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|accessdate=29 August 2015|editor1-last=Koschel|editor1-first=Dieter|last1=Jäger|first1=Susanne|last2=von Jouanne|first2=Jörn|last3=Keller-Rudek|first3=Hannelore|last4=Koschel|first4=Dieter|last5=Kuhn|first5=Peter|last6=Merlet|first6=Peter|last7=Rupecht|first7=Sigrid|last8=Vanecek|first8=Hans|last9=Wagner|first9=Joachim|editor5-first=Joachim|editor5-last=Wagner|editor4-first=Sigrid|editor4-last=Ruprecht|editor3-first=Peter|editor3-last=Merlet|editor2-first=Peter|editor2-last=Kuhn}}</ref>[[叠氮化氟]]（FN<sub>3</sub>）不稳定，极易爆炸，其分解产物[[二氟化二氮]]（N<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>）有顺反异构体。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=438–42}}

[[三氯化氮]]（NCl<sub>3</sub>）是黄色、有挥发性、会爆炸的液体。它的物理性质和[[四氯化碳]]相似，但不同的是三氯化氮会水解，而四氯化碳不会。三氯化氮于1811年由[[皮埃尔·路易·杜隆]]发现，但他也因三氯化氮的爆炸失去了三根手指和一只眼睛。<ref>{{cite journal|year=1813|title=Report on the work of Pierre Louis Dulong|journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique|volume=86|issue=6|pages=37&ndash;43|author=Thénard J. L.|author2=Berthollet C. L.}}</ref>三氯化氮曾用于漂白[[面粉]]，<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1002/jsfa.2740060906| title = Some effects of oxygen on the mixing of bread doughs| journal = Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture| volume = 6| issue = 9| pages = 501–511| year = 1955| last1 = Hawthorn| first1 = J.| last2 = Todd| first2 = J. P.| bibcode = 1955JSFA....6..501H}}</ref>但因为安全问题，现在已被禁用。[[三溴化氮]]（NBr<sub>3</sub>）于1975年发现，是深红色、对温度敏感的挥发性固体，即使在−100&nbsp;°C下也会爆炸。[[三碘化氮]]（NI<sub>3</sub>）更不稳定，直到1990年才被发现。它的氨合物的发现时期更早，对冲击极为敏感，一根羽毛、空气气流、甚至是[[α粒子]]都能引爆它。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=438–42}}<ref>{{ cite journal | author = Bowden, F. P. | title = Initiation of Explosion by Neutrons, α-Particles, and Fission Products | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A | year = 1958 | volume = 246 | issue = 1245 | pages = 216–19 | doi = 10.1098/rspa.1958.0123 | bibcode = 1958RSPSA.246..216B | s2cid = 137728239 }}</ref>因此，高中课堂中常以少量的三碘化氮来演示“化学炸弹”。<ref>{{cite book | author1 = Ford, L. A. | author2 = Grundmeier, E. W. | title = Chemical Magic | publisher = Dover | year = 1993 | page = [https://archive.org/details/chemicalmagic00ford_0/page/76 76] | isbn = 978-0-486-67628-9 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/chemicalmagic00ford_0/page/76 }}</ref>[[叠氮化氯]]（ClN<sub>3</sub>）、[[叠氮化溴]]（BrN<sub>3</sub>）和[[叠氮化碘]]（IN<sub>3</sub>）都很敏感，容易爆炸。<ref>{{ cite journal |author1=Frierson, W. J. |author2=Kronrad, J. |author3=Browne, A. W. | title = Chlorine Azide, ClN<sub>3</sub>. I | journal = [[Journal of the American Chemical Society]] | year = 1943 | volume = 65 | issue = 9 | pages = 1696–1698 | doi = 10.1021/ja01249a012 }}</ref><ref name="solid">{{cite journal|last=Lyhs|first=Benjamin|author2=Bläser, Dieter|author3=Wölper, Christoph|author4=Schulz, Stephan|author5=Jansen, Georg|title=Solid-State Structure of Bromine Azide|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|date=20 February 2012|volume=51|issue=8|pages=1970–1974|doi=10.1002/anie.201108092|pmid=22250068|url=https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00073133/Accepted_Manuscript_Angew_Chem_Int_Ed_2012_51_1970.pdf|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825213503/https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00073133/Accepted_Manuscript_Angew_Chem_Int_Ed_2012_51_1970.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bretherick">{{Cite book|last=Urben|first=P. G.|title=Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|year=1999|isbn=0-7506-3605-X|edition=6th|volume=1}}</ref>

氮有两类卤氧化物，分别是亚硝酰卤（XNO）和硝酰卤（XNO<sub>2</sub>）。前者都是非常活泼的气体，可由卤素和一氧化氮直接反应而成。无色的[[亚硝酰氟]]（NOF）是强氟化剂，而黄色的[[亚硝酰氯]]（NOCl）也具有类似的性质。[[亚硝酰溴]]（NOBr）是红色的。属于硝酰卤的[[硝酰氟]]（FNO<sub>2</sub>）和[[硝酰氯]]（ClNO<sub>2</sub>）同样是强卤化剂。{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pp=438–42}}