编辑“︁古菌”︁（章节）

=== 细胞壁和鞭毛 ===
大部分古菌种类（非Thermoplasma属和Ferroplasma属）都有细胞壁。<ref name="Golyshina">{{Cite journal |last=Golyshina |first=O V |last2=Pivovarova |first2=T A |last3=Karavaiko |first3=G I |last4=Kondratéva |first4=T F |last5=Moore |first5=E R |last6=Abraham |first6=W R |last7=Lünsdorf |first7=H |last8=Timmis |first8=K N |last9=Yakimov |first9=M M |last10=Golyshin |first10=P N |date=2000-05-01 |title=Ferroplasma acidiphilum gen. nov., sp. nov., an acidophilic, autotrophic, ferrous-iron-oxidizing, cell-wall-lacking, mesophilic member of the Ferroplasmaceae fam. nov., comprising a distinct lineage of the Archaea. |url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-50-3-997 |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |language=en |volume=50 |issue=3 |doi=10.1099/00207713-50-3-997 |issn=1466-5026 |pmid=10843038 |access-date=2022-10-13 |archive-date=2023-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123112225/https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-50-3-997 |dead-url=no }}</ref>，多由表面层蛋白质组成，形成一个[[S层]]。一个[[S层]]是蛋白质分子的刚性阵列覆盖了细胞的外侧（如同[[鎖子甲]]）。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Engelhardt |first=Harald |last2=Peters |first2=Jürgen |date=1998-12-15 |title=Structural Research on Surface Layers: A Focus on Stability, Surface Layer Homology Domains, and Surface Layer–Cell Wall Interactions |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1047847798940709 |journal=Journal of Structural Biology |language=en |volume=124 |issue=2 |doi=10.1006/jsbi.1998.4070 |issn=1047-8477 |pmid=10049812 |access-date=2022-10-13 |archive-date=2020-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002021003/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1047847798940709 |dead-url=no }}</ref>该层提供化学和物理保护，并能防止[[高分子|大分子]]接触细胞膜。<ref name="Kandler1998">{{Cite journal |last=Kandler |first=O. |last2=König |first2=H. |date=1998-04 |title=Cell wall polymers in Archaea (Archaebacteria) |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s000180050156 |journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS |language=en |volume=54 |issue=4 |doi=10.1007/s000180050156 |issn=1420-682X}}</ref>与細菌不同，古菌的細胞壁缺少[[肽聚糖]]。<ref name="Howland">{{cite book|last=Howland|first=John L.|year=2000|title=The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life|url=https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl|page=[https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl/page/32 32]|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-511183-4}}</ref>

古菌鞭毛操作类似细菌鞭毛，它们的长梗是由在座部的旋转马达驱动。然而，古菌鞭毛在组成和发育上有着明显的不同。<ref name="Thomas" />这两种类型的鞭毛是从不同的祖先进化而来的。细菌鞭毛与[[III型分泌系统]]共享一个共同的祖先，<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gophna |first=Uri |last2=Ron |first2=Eliora Z. |last3=Graur |first3=Dan |date=2003-07-17 |title=Bacterial type III secretion systems are ancient and evolved by multiple horizontal-transfer events |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378111903006127 |journal=Gene |language=en |volume=312 |doi=10.1016/S0378-1119(03)00612-7 |issn=0378-1119 |pmid=12909351 |access-date=2022-10-13 |archive-date=2018-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106212919/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378111903006127 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Nguyen L, Paulsen IT, Tchieu J, Hueck CJ, Saier MH |date=April 2000 |title=Phylogenetic analyses of the constituents of Type&nbsp;III protein secretion systems |journal=J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=125–44 |pmid=10939240}}</ref>但是，古菌鞭毛似乎已经从细菌IV型菌的[[性菌毛]]进化而来。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ng |first=Sandy Y.M. |last2=Chaban |first2=Bonnie |last3=Jarrell |first3=Ken F. |date=2006 |title=Archaeal Flagella, Bacterial Flagella and Type IV Pili: A Comparison of Genes and Posttranslational Modifications |url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/94053 |journal=Microbial Physiology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3-5 |doi=10.1159/000094053 |issn=2673-1665 |pmid=16983194 |access-date=2022-10-13 |archive-date=2014-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421050838/http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/94053 |dead-url=no }}</ref>对比，细菌鞭毛是空心的，并且是由其子单元从中心孔向上移动到鞭毛的末端装配，但是，古菌鞭毛是由在基座中添加子单元合成。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bardy |first=Sonia L. |last2=Ng |first2=Sandy Y. M. |last3=Jarrell |first3=Ken F. |date=2003-02-01 |title=Prokaryotic motility structures |url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.25948-0 |journal=Microbiology |language=en |volume=149 |issue=2 |doi=10.1099/mic.0.25948-0 |issn=1350-0872 |pmid=12624192 |access-date=2022-10-13 |archive-date=2022-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015111309/https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.25948-0 |dead-url=no }}</ref>