编辑“︁智商”︁（章节）

=== 环境 ===
智商研究的許多有爭議問題都是關於智商在性別与种族间的變化的，不过都涉及先天與後天的問題，需要考慮到環境因素。环境对智力的影响极大，以至于现在已知的性别、种族差异在统计学意义上都是能完全用环境解释。<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Jonathan Michael |date=January 2015 |title=Race, IQ, and the search for statistical signals associated with so-called "X"-factors: environments, racism, and the "hereditarian hypothesis" |journal=Biology & Philosophy |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1007/s10539-014-9428-0 |issn=0169-3867 |s2cid=85351431}}</ref><ref name=":322">{{Cite journal|last1=Dickens|first1=William T.|last2=Flynn|first2=James R.|date=2006|title=Black Americans Reduce the Racial IQ Gap: Evidence from Standardization Samples|url=http://www.iapsych.com/iqmr/fe/LinkedDocuments/dickens2006a.pdf|journal=Psychological Science|volume=17|issue=10|pages=913–920|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01802.x|pmid=17100793|s2cid=6593169|access-date=2025-02-02|archive-date=2023-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322174010/http://www.iapsych.com/iqmr/fe/LinkedDocuments/dickens2006a.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{cite journal|last1=Nisbett|first1=Richard E.|last2=Aronson|first2=Joshua|last3=Blair|first3=Clancy|last4=Dickens|first4=William|last5=Flynn|first5=James|author-link5=Jim Flynn (academic)|last6=Halpern|first6=Diane F.|author-link6=Diane F. Halpern|last7=Turkheimer|first7=Eric|date=2012|title=Group differences in IQ are best understood as environmental in origin|url=http://people.virginia.edu/~ent3c/papers2/Articles%20for%20Online%20CV/Nisbett%20(2012)%20Group.pdf|journal=American Psychologist|volume=67|pages=503–504|doi=10.1037/a0029772|issn=0003-066X|pmid=22963427|access-date=22 July 2013|number=6|author-link1=Richard E. Nisbett|archive-date=2015-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123114230/http://people.virginia.edu/~ent3c/papers2/Articles%20for%20Online%20CV/Nisbett%20(2012)%20Group.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>

有很多环境影响在消除了曾经常见的疾病之后非常明显。比如说胎儿和婴儿时期中等程度的缺碘会导致IQ下降10-15个点，<ref name="mcneil">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/16/health/16iodine.html?fta=y|title=In Raising the World’s I.Q., the Secret’s in the Salt|last=McNeil|first=Donald G. Jr|date=2006-12-16|work=[[New York Times]]|accessdate=2008-12-04|archive-date=2017-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731105830/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/16/health/16iodine.html?fta=y|dead-url=no}}</ref>中国的缺碘案例则是平均降低了12个点。<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Qian M |title=The effects of iodine on intelligence in children: a meta-analysis of studies conducted in China |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=32–42 |year=2005 |pmid=15734706|author2=Wang D|author3=Watkins WE|display-authors=3|last4=Gebski|first4=V|last5=Yan|first5=YQ|last6=Li|first6=M|last7=Chen|first7=ZP}}</ref>胎儿/婴儿时期其他方面的营养变化可能也有关系。<ref>{{cite web |title=The Lancet Series on Maternal and Child Undernutrition |year=2008 |url=http://www.thelancet.com/series/maternal-and-child-undernutrition |access-date=February 11, 2011 |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717005704/http://www.thelancet.com/series/maternal-and-child-undernutrition |url-status=live }}</ref>传染病（寄生虫、疟疾）会消耗机体营养降低生长能力，也被证明会导致智商降低。<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eppig C, Fincher CL, Thornhill R |title=Parasite prevalence and the distribution of intelligence among the states of the USA |journal=Intelligence |volume=39 |issue=2–3 |pages=155–60 |year=2011 |doi=10.1016/j.intell.2011.02.008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fernando SD, Rodrigo C, Rajapakse S |title=The 'hidden' burden of malaria: cognitive impairment following infection |journal=Malar. J. |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=366 |year=2010 |pmid=21171998 |pmc=3018393 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-366 |doi-access=free }}</ref>美国禁用含铅汽油，大约在40年内让IQ上升了3-5个点。<ref>{{cite journal |title=The possible societal impact of the decrease in U.S. blood lead levels on adult IQ |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013935114001066 |first1=Alan S. |last1=Kaufman |first2=Xiaobin |last2=Zhou |first3=Matthew R. |last3=Reynolds |first4=Nadeen L. |last4=Kaufman |first5=Garo P. |last5=Green |first6=Lawrence G. |last6=Weisse |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2014.04.015 |journal=Environmental Research |volume=132 |date=July 2014 |pages=413–420 |pmid=24853978 |bibcode=2014ER....132..413K |access-date=2025-02-02 |archive-date=2023-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813015333/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013935114001066 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

提升[[识字率]]也和历史上的IQ提升有关。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marks |first=David Francis |date=2010-06-01 |title=IQ Variations across Time, Race, and Nationality: An Artifact of Differences in Literacy Skills |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2466/pr0.106.3.643-664 |journal=Psychological Reports |language=en |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=643–664 |doi=10.2466/pr0.106.3.643-664 |pmid=20712152 |issn=0033-2941 |via=[[Sage Publishing]] |access-date=2025-02-02 |archive-date=2025-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508064819/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2466/pr0.106.3.643-664 |dead-url=no }}</ref>