编辑“︁Rush Poppers”︁（章节）

==健康问题==

[[File:Rational_scale_to_assess_the_harm_of_drugs_(mean_physical_harm_and_mean_dependence)_for_Poppers_(zh-cn).svg|right|350px|thumb|选自[[柳葉刀 (雜誌)|《柳叶刀》]]的数据表明，亚硝酸烷基酯在二十种常见[[毒品|娱乐性药物]]中的药物成瘾性为倒数第二，生理危害程度为倒数第三。<ref name="Nutt">{{Cite journal|title=Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(07)60464-4/abstract|last=Nutt|first=David|last2=King|first2=Leslie A.|date=2007-03-24|journal=The Lancet|issue=9566|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4|volume=369|pages=1047–1053|language=en|issn=0140-6736|pmid=17382831|last3=Saulsbury|first3=William|last4=Blakemore|first4=Colin|access-date=2021-03-26|archive-date=2017-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229031021/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2807%2960464-4/abstract}}</ref>]]

《默氏诊疗手册》（''Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy''）表明近乎没有证据能证明吸入亚硝酸烷基酯会造成严重的生理伤害。<ref name="Merck" />基于对于个体和社会危害程度的科学证据，一份由英国政府顾问设计将药物和危害程度排列的调查显示，包括酒精和烟草在内，Poppers相比于其他娱乐性药物对于个体和社会的潜在危害要小得多。<ref name="Nutt" />1983年一份[[美國消費者產品安全委員會|美国消费者产品安全委员会]]的简报指出“现有的伤害报告并不能表明滥用Poppers会导致严重的伤害或疾病”。<ref>{{Cite web|title=CPSC Report 1983|url=http://www.virusmythpoppersmyth.org/cpsc_report_1983/|accessdate=2020-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916154635/http://www.virusmythpoppersmyth.org/cpsc_report_1983/|archivedate=2008-09-16|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

常见的副作用包括[[头痛]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Wood, Ronald W.|title=The Acute Toxicity of Nitrite Inhalants|publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse|year=1989|url=http://hdl.handle.net/1802/1150|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-03-15|pages=28–29}}</ref>，在某些情况下会初现暂时的勃起问题。其他的风险包括如果Poppers的液体溅撒在皮肤上则可能会导致[[灼傷|烧伤]]。

罕见的情况下，过量使用Poppers则可能会导致[[窒息]]、[[心律不整]]、心血管抑制、[[一氧化碳]]中毒、肝肾中毒、面部[[皮膚炎|皮肤炎]]以及粘膜、肺部或皮肤的瘙痒。罕见情况下（因超量使用Poppers而诱发）亦可导致[[正鐵血紅蛋白血症|正铁血红蛋白血症]]和[[溶血反應|溶血反应]]。{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}因吞咽（而非吸服）导致的过量用量可能会导致[[发绀]]、失去意识、昏迷甚至死亡。过量使用Poppers会促进[[高铁血红蛋白]]的生成，这时需使用[[亚甲蓝]]治疗。<ref name="Medsafe" /><ref name="Dixon-1981" /><ref name="Pruijm-2002">{{Cite journal|title=[Methemoglobinemia due to ingestion of isobutyl nitrite ('poppers')]|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12510403|last=Pruijm|first=M. T. C.|last2=de Meijer|first2=P. H. E. M.|date=2002-12-07|journal=Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde|issue=49|volume=146|pages=2370–2373|issn=0028-2162|pmid=12510403|access-date=2021-03-26|archive-date=2022-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227233059/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12510403/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Aphrodisiac drug-induced hemolysis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15362601|last=Stalnikowicz|first=Ruth|last2=Amitai|first2=Yona|date=2004|journal=Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology|issue=3|doi=10.1081/clt-120037435|volume=42|pages=313–316|issn=0731-3810|pmid=15362601|last3=Bentur|first3=Yedidia|access-date=2021-03-26|archive-date=2020-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727230257/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15362601/}}</ref><ref>Emergency Medicine: Principles and Practice. Harper & Collins, 2nd edition. 2008. pp. 42–51.</ref>意外吞服戊亚硝酸酯或丁基亚硝酸酯可能会诱发类脂性肺炎。<ref name="Hagan-" />

'''亚硝酸烷基酯禁忌与[[血管舒张]]剂——包括[[西地那非]]（Sildenafil，俗称“伟哥”；商品名“万艾可”、“威而钢”）和[[他达拉非]]（Tadalafil，商品名“希爱力”）——同时使用。'''因两者均能使血管舒张，同时使用可能导致[[低血压]]，进而导致晕厥、中风或心脏病。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Recreational use of sildenafil by HIV-positive and -negative homosexual/bisexual males|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15113986|last=Romanelli|first=Frank|last2=Smith|first2=Kelly M.|date=2004-06|journal=The Annals of Pharmacotherapy|issue=6|doi=10.1345/aph.1D571|volume=38|pages=1024–1030|issn=1060-0280|pmid=15113986}}</ref><ref name="PSA">{{cite web|title=Viagra May Cause Heart Attack Deaths In Younger Men With No Heart Problems, Study Finds|url=http://psa-rising.com/medicalpike/viagracardiodeaths031500.htm|accessdate=2007-03-15|publisher=PSA Rising|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125104159/http://psa-rising.com/medicalpike/viagracardiodeaths031500.htm|archivedate=2009-01-25|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="InteliHealth">{{cite web|title=Experts See Dangerous Trend In Use Of Viagra With 'Party Pills'|url=http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/333/20789/351666.html|accessdate=2007-03-18|date=2004-06-24|publisher=Aetna InteliHealth|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012213700/http://intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/333/20789/351666.html|archivedate=2007-10-12|dead-url=yes}}</ref> 

===潜在的眼部影响===

Poppers可能增加眼压，患有[[青光眼]]的人士应避免使用。<ref name="The Body">{{cite web|title=Chemical addictions and their effect on someone with HIV|url=http://www.thebody.com/Forums/AIDS/Mental/Current/Q156977.html?h19o|accessdate=2007-03-19|date=2004-05-19|last=Horwath|first=Ewald|work=The Body|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015303/http://www.thebody.com/Forums/AIDS/Mental/Current/Q156977.html?h19o|archivedate=2007-09-30|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Amyl Nitrate <nowiki>[</nowiki>''sic''<nowiki>]</nowiki>|url=http://www.watton.org/drugsinfo/aboutnitrates.shtml|accessdate=2007-04-30|work=Drug Factfile|publisher=Watton on the Web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329011521/http://www.watton.org/drugsinfo/aboutnitrates.shtml|archivedate=2007-03-29|dead-url=no}}</ref>一份发布的案例总结到，“在使用亚硝酸异戊酯治疗心绞痛的超过一百年的历史中，没有类似的案例（即因使用亚硝酸异戊酯导致视力丧失）出现；就药理学而言很难指出视力丧失的机理”。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Irreversible blindness after amyl nitrite inhalation|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10634573|last=Fledelius|first=H. C.|date=1999-12|journal=Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica|issue=6|doi=10.1034/j.1600-0420.1999.770625.x|volume=77|pages=719–721|issn=1395-3907|pmid=10634573|access-date=2021-03-26|archive-date=2022-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305164433/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10634573/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Transient visual loss after amyl Isobutyl nitrite abuse|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08820530490882292|last=Pece|first=Alfredo|last2=Patelli|first2=Fabio|date=2004-01|journal=Seminars in Ophthalmology|issue=3-4|doi=10.1080/08820530490882292|volume=19|pages=105–106|language=en|issn=0882-0538|last3=Milani|first3=Paolo|last4=Pierro|first4=Luisa}}</ref>

在近来英国和法国的案例中，Poppers亦被认为会损伤视网膜黄斑。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=‘Poppers maculopathy’—an emerging ophthalmic reaction to recreational substance abuse|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/eye201237|last=Davies|first=A. J.|last2=Kelly|first2=S. P.|date=2012-06|journal=Eye|issue=6|doi=10.1038/eye.2012.37|volume=26|pages=888–888|language=en|issn=1476-5454|last3=Bhatt|first3=P. R.|access-date=2021-03-26|archive-date=2019-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405123902/https://www.nature.com/articles/eye201237}}</ref>

===与艾滋病爆发的关联===

Poppers常被误认为和[[艾滋病]]、[[人類免疫缺陷病毒|HIV]]感染和[[卡波西氏肉瘤]]（Kaposi's scarcoma，一种和艾滋病相关的[[癌症]]）有关。<ref name="Drumright-2006">{{Cite journal|title=Club drugs as causal risk factors for HIV acquisition among men who have sex with men: a review|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17002993|last=Drumright|first=Lydia N.|last2=Patterson|first2=Thomas L.|date=2006|journal=Substance Use & Misuse|issue=10-12|doi=10.1080/10826080600847894|volume=41|pages=1551–1601|issn=1082-6084|pmid=17002993|last3=Strathdee|first3=Steffanie A.|access-date=2021-03-26|archive-date=2021-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515080743/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17002993/}}</ref>在艾滋病爆发初期，一种假说认为Poppers与其有关，而这个假说多基于[[艾滋病重估运动]]的[[伪科学]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Debunking denialist myths|url=http://www.aidstruth.org/denialism/myths#m2|accessdate=2010-08-02|publisher=AIDStruth.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802205303/http://www.aidstruth.org/denialism/myths#m2|archivedate=2010-08-02|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。