编辑“︁鉝”︁（章节）

=== 失敗的合成嘗試 ===
對116號元素的第一次搜尋，是由Ken Hulet與他的團隊在西元1977年於[[勞倫斯利佛摩國家實驗室]]（LLNL）執行，他們利用了<sup>248</sup>Cm與<sup>48</sup>Ca的反應，但當時偵測不到任何鉝原子。<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.385 |title=Search for Superheavy Elements in the Bombardment of <sup>248</sup>Cm with<sup>48</sup>Ca |year=1977 |last=Hulet |first=E. K. |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=39 |pages=385–389 |last2=Lougheed |first2=R. |last3=Wild |first3=J. |last4=Landrum |first4=J. |last5=Stevenson |first5=P. |last6=Ghiorso |first6=A. |last7=Nitschke |first7=J. |last8=Otto |first8=R. |last9=Morrissey |first9=D. |last10=Baisden |first10=P. |last11=Gavin |first11=B. |last12=Lee |first12=D. |last13=Silva |first13=R. |last14=Fowler |first14=M. |last15=Seaborg |first15=G. |bibcode=1977PhRvL..39..385H |issue=7 |display-authors=8}}</ref>1978年，[[尤里·奧加涅相]]與他的團隊也在[[杜布納聯合原子核研究所]]的Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR)嘗試做該反應，但也沒有成功。1985年，柏克萊與Peter Armbruster在GSI的團隊合作實驗，實驗結果也是否定的，該次實驗中計算出的截面極限是10–100皮靶。然而，在杜布納，與<sup>48</sup>Ca有關的反應持續在進行（<sup>48</sup>Ca已被證明在用<sup>nat</sup>Pb+<sup>48</sup>Ca的反應合成[[鍩]]的實驗中很有用）。西元1989年，超重元素分離器被開發出來。西元1990年，開始了靶材料的尋找及與LLNL的合作。西元1996年，開始生產更高強度的<sup>48</sup>Ca粒子束。西元1990年代，完成了靈敏度高出3個數量級的長期實驗的準備。這些工作直接導致了有錒系元素靶與<sup>48</sup>Ca的反應中，元素112至118的新同位素的產生，也導致了元素週期表中最重的五個元素（[[鈇]]、[[鏌]]、鉝、[[鿬]]、[[鿫]]）的發現。<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.406 |title=Attempts to Produce Superheavy Elements by Fusion of <sup>48</sup>Ca with <sup>248</sup>Cm in the Bombarding Energy Range of 4.5–5.2&nbsp;MeV/u |year=1985 |last=Armbruster |first=P. |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=54 |pages=406–409 |pmid=10031507 |last2=Agarwal |first2=YK |last3=Brüchle |first3=W |last4=Brügger |first4=M |last5=Dufour |first5=JP |last6=Gaggeler |first6=H |last7=Hessberger |first7=FP |last8=Hofmann |first8=S |last9=Lemmertz |first9=P |last10=Münzenberg |first10=G. |last11=Poppensieker |first11=K. |last12=Reisdorf |first12=W. |last13=Schädel |first13=M. |last14=Schmidt |first14=K. |last15=Schneider |first15=J. |last16=Schneider |first16=W. |last17=Sümmerer |first17=K. |last18=Vermeulen |first18=D. |last19=Wirth |first19=G. |last20=Ghiorso |first20=A. |last21=Gregorich |first21=K. |last22=Lee |first22=D. |last23=Leino |first23=M. |last24=Moody |first24=K. |last25=Seaborg |first25=G. |last26=Welch |first26=R. |last27=Wilmarth |first27=P. |last28=Yashita |first28=S. |last29=Frink |first29=C. |last30=Greulich |first30=N. |issue=5 |bibcode=1985PhRvL..54..406A |display-authors=8}}</ref>

1995年，{{link-en|Sigurd Hofmann|Sigurd Hofmann}}領導的國際團隊在[[德國]][[達姆施塔特]]的[[亥姆霍茲重離子研究中心|Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung]] (GSI) 嘗試合成116號元素。他們執行鉛-208的靶與硒-82的入射粒子之間的輻射捕獲反應。在反應之中，複合核以純粹的[[伽馬射線|伽馬發射]]（不發射中子）而去激發。此反應並無偵測到116號元素的原子。<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.epj-conferences.org/articles/epjconf/pdf/2016/26/epjconf-NS160-06001.pdf |title=The discovery of elements 107 to 112 |last1=Hofmann |first1=Sigurd |date=1 December 2016 |conference=Nobel Symposium NS160 – Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements |doi=10.1051/epjconf/201613106001 |access-date=2019-07-13 |archive-date=2021-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201101405/https://www.epj-conferences.org/articles/epjconf/pdf/2016/26/epjconf-NS160-06001.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>

1998年尾，波兰物理学家{{le|羅伯特·斯莫蘭楚克|Robert Smolańczuk}}发表了合成包括[[鿫|118]]和116号元素在内的[[超重元素]]的计算。<ref name="Smolanczuk">{{cite journal|author=Smolanczuk, R.|journal=Physical Review C|volume=59|issue=5|date=1999|title=Production mechanism of superheavy nuclei in cold fusion reactions|pages=2634–2639|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.59.2634|bibcode = 1999PhRvC..59.2634S}}</ref>计算显示在严格控制的环境下，[[铅]]与[[氪]]的核聚变可以产生这两个元素。<ref name="Smolanczuk" />1999年，[[劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室]]利用这些预测，宣布合成了118和116号元素，并把论文发布到《[[物理评论快报]]》，<ref name="Ninov83.1104">{{cite journal|last1=Ninov|first1=Viktor|last2=Gregorich|first2=K.|last3=Loveland|first3=W.|last4=Ghiorso|first4=A.|last5=Hoffman|first5=D.|last6=Lee|first6=D.|last7=Nitsche|first7=H.|last8=Swiatecki|first8=W.|last9=Kirbach|first9=U.|first10=C.|last10=Laue|first11=J.|last11=Adams|first12=J.|last12=Patin|first13=D.|last13=Shaughnessy|first14=D.|last14=Strellis|first15=P.|last15=Wilk|title=Observation of Superheavy Nuclei Produced in the Reaction of {{SimpleNuclide|Krypton|86}} with {{SimpleNuclide|Lead|208}}|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]|volume=83|pages=1104–1107|date=1999|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1104|bibcode=1999PhRvL..83.1104N|issue=6|display-authors=10|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233919|access-date=2023-12-22|archive-date=2023-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718161424/https://zenodo.org/record/1233919|dead-url=no}}{{retracted|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.039901|intentional=yes}}</ref>不久后结果登上《[[科学 (期刊)|科学]]》。<ref>{{cite journal|author=Service, R. F.|journal=Science|date=1999|volume=284|page=1751|doi=10.1126/science.284.5421.1751|title=Berkeley Crew Bags Element 118|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1999-06-11_284_5421/page/1750|issue=5421|s2cid=220094113}}</ref>研究团队宣称成功完成以下[[核反应]]：
:{{nuclide|Krypton|86}} + {{nuclide|Lead|208}} → {{nuclide|oganesson|293}} + {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Neutron}}
:{{nuclide|oganesson|293}} → {{nuclide|Livermorium|289}} + [[α粒子|α]]

翌年，由于其它实验室及劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室本身都未能重复这些结果，研究团队因此撤稿。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://enews.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/118-retraction.html|publisher=Berkeley Lab|author=Public Affairs Department|title=Results of element 118 experiment retracted|date=2001-07-21|access-date=2008-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129191344/http://enews.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/118-retraction.html|archive-date=2008-01-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>2002年6月，实验室主任宣布原先两个元素的发现结果建立在第一作者[[维克托·尼诺夫]]所假造的数据上。<ref>{{cite journal|pages=728–729|title=Misconduct: The stars who fell to Earth|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=420|doi=10.1038/420728a|date=2002|pmid=12490902|last1=Dalton|first1=R.|issue=6917|bibcode = 2002Natur.420..728D |s2cid=4398009}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012075515/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2629 Element 118 disappears two years after it was discovered]. Physicsworld.com (August 2, 2001). Retrieved on 2012-04-02.</ref>