编辑“︁花葯”︁（章节）

==形態與功能==
花葯可由葯隔分為兩葉，每一葉稱為一個葯室（locule），從外到內為表皮（epidermis）、纖維層（endothecium）、中間層（middle layer）與{{link-en|絨氈層|Tapetum (botany)}}<ref name="vascular">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcSZriBQGp4C&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79&dq=tapetum+polyploidy&source=bl&ots=Kh0tiYUT3C&sig=sG74gvdBrMNJoqsb3JCgAZzv_s8&hl=zh-TW&sa=X&ei=GZfAVPHRBIKUNqCmhMAG&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=tapetum%20polyploidy&f=false|title=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants|author=K. Kubitzki|publisher=Springer|volume=VII|page=79|isbn=9783662072554|access-date=2015-01-22|archive-date=2016-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729055913/https://books.google.com/books?id=kcSZriBQGp4C&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79&dq=tapetum+polyploidy&source=bl&ots=Kh0tiYUT3C&sig=sG74gvdBrMNJoqsb3JCgAZzv_s8&hl=zh-TW&sa=X&ei=GZfAVPHRBIKUNqCmhMAG&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=tapetum%20polyploidy&f=false}}</ref>，其中絨氈層對花粉的發育相當重要<ref>P.L. Polowick, V.K. Sawhney 1993. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305736483711509 Differentiation of the Tapetum During Microsporogenesis in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), with Special Reference to the Tapetal Cell Wall] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305736483711509 |date=20150924171835 }}. Annals of Botany, Volume 72, Issue 6, December 1993, Pages 595–605</ref>，其細胞通常較大且含有一個以上且較大的[[細胞核]]，隨著孢子母細胞的分裂，絨氈層細胞的細胞核也進行分裂，甚至可能因核融合產生[[多倍體]]<ref name="vascular"></ref>或[[多絲染色體]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Occurrence of Polytene Chromosomes in the Anther Tapetum of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp|author=M. Guerra and G. M. G. Carvalheira|journal=Journal of Heredity|year=1994|volume=85|issue=1|pages=43-46}}</ref>。特別大的細胞核與提供發育中的花粉養分與各種調節物質有關，除此之外，絨氈層的功能還有協助花粉壁的形成，以及分泌葡聚糖酶（callase）以使減數分裂剛產生的四個小孢子互相分離<ref>{{cite journal|title=TAPETUM DETERMINANT1 Is Required for Cell Specialization in the Arabidopsis Anther|author=Shu-Lan Yang et al|journal=Plant Cell|volume=12|issue=12|pages=|date=2003-12|doi=10.1105/tpc.016618}}
</ref>，絨氈層的細胞若遭破壞會使花粉發育失敗<ref>{{cite journal|title=Induction of male sterility in plants by a chimaeic ribonuclease gene.|author=Mariani, C. et al|journal=Nature|volume=347|pages=737-741|doi=10.1038/347737a0|date=1990-9}}</ref>。花葯的最內部是1至2個花粉囊，內有[[小孢子母細胞]]（microsporocyte），可行[[減數分裂]]產生[[小孢子]]，再經過[[有絲分裂]]產生管細胞與兩個生殖細胞而組成成熟的[[花粉粒]]<ref name="vascular"></ref>。