编辑“︁铝”︁（章节）

==对环境的影响==
[[File:Luftaufnahmen Nordseekueste 2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|位于德国[[施塔德]]的{{le|红泥|Bauxite tailings}}存储设施。铝工业每年产生约7000万吨这种废物。]]
矿区附近的铝含量很高，少量的铝则在燃煤发电厂或[[焚化炉]]中释放到环境中。<ref name="ATSDR Public Health">{{Cite web|url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=1076&tid=34|title=ATSDR – Public Health Statement: Aluminum|website=www.atsdr.cdc.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-07-28|archive-date=12 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212212014/https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=1076&tid=34|url-status=live}}</ref>空气中的铝通常会沉淀下来，或被雨水冲走，但小颗粒的铝会长时间留在空气中。<ref name="ATSDR Public Health" />

酸性[[沉淀]]是从天然来源中调动铝的主要自然因素<ref name="Piero3"/>，也是铝对环境产生影响的主要原因。<ref name="RosselandEldhuset1990">{{cite journal|last1=Rosseland|first1=B.O.|last2=Eldhuset|first2=T.D.|last3=Staurnes|first3=M.|year=1990|title=Environmental effects of aluminium|journal=Environmental Geochemistry and Health|volume=12|issue=1–2|pages=17–27|doi=10.1007/BF01734045|pmid=24202562|s2cid=23714684|issn=0269-4042}}</ref>然而，盐水和淡水中铝存在的主要因素是工业过程将铝释放到空气中。<ref name="Piero3"/>

当水呈酸性时，铝会成为用[[鳃]]呼吸的动物（如[[鱼]]）的毒剂，其中铝可能会沉淀在鳃上，<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=Joan P.|last2=Schofield|first2=Carl L.|date=1982|title=Aluminum toxicity to fish in acidic waters|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02419419|journal=Water, Air, and Soil Pollution|language=en|volume=18|issue=1–3|pages=289–309|doi=10.1007/BF02419419|bibcode=1982WASP...18..289B|s2cid=98363768|issn=0049-6979|access-date=27 December 2020|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611060738/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02419419|url-status=live}}</ref>这会导致[[血浆]]和[[血淋巴]]离子的损失，从而导致[[渗透调节]]失败。<ref name="RosselandEldhuset1990" />铝的有机配合物可能很容易被吸收，并干扰哺乳动物和鸟类的新陈代谢，尽管这实际上很少发生。<ref name="RosselandEldhuset1990" />

虽然铝在[[pH值]]中性土壤中难溶并且对植物一般是无害的，但它在[[酸性]]土壤中是减缓植物生长的首要因素。在酸性土壤中，Al<sup>3+</sup>[[阳离子]]浓度会升高，并影响植物的根部生长和功能。<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Effect of aluminum on δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) and the development of cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
| first1 = Luciane |last1 = Belmonte Pereira |first2 = Luciane |last2 = Aimed Tabaldi |first3 = Jamile |last3 = Fabbrin Gonçalves |first4 = Gladis Oliveira |last4 = Jucoski |first5 = Mareni Maria |last5 = Pauletto |first6 = Simone |last6 = Nardin Weis |first7 = Fernando |last7 = Texeira Nicoloso |first8 = Denise |last8 = Brother |first9 = João |last9 = Batista Teixeira Rocha | first10=Maria Rosa Chitolina|last10=Chitolina Schetinger| journal = Environmental and experimental botany
| volume = 57
| issue = 1–2
| pages = 106–115
| year = 2006
| doi = 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.05.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| title = Toxicity and tolerance of aluminum in vascular plants
| first = Maud
| last = Andersson
| journal = Water, Air, & Soil Pollution
| volume = 39
| issue = 3–4
| pages = 439–462
| year = 1988
| doi = 10.1007/BF00279487}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| title = The role of the apoplast in aluminum toxicity and resistance of higher plants: A review
| first = Walter J.
| last = Horst
| journal = Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde
| volume = 158
| issue = 5
| pages = 419–428
| year = 1995
| doi = 10.1002/jpln.19951580503}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| title = Aluminum tolerance in plants and the complexing role of organic acids
| first = Jian Feng
| last = Ma
| journal = Trends in Plant Science
| volume = 6
| issue = 6
| pages = 273–278
| year = 2001
| doi = 10.1016/S1360-1385(01)01961-6
| pmid = 11378470
| last2 = Ryan
| first2 = PR
| last3 = Delhaize
| first3 = E}}</ref>绝大多数酸性土壤中铝（而不是[[氢]]）是饱和的。因此，土壤的酸度来源于铝化合物的[[水解]]。<ref>{{cite journal | author = Turner, R.C. and Clark J.S. | year = 1966 | title = Lime potential in acid clay and soil suspensions | journal = Trans. Comm. II & IV Int. Soc. Soil Science | pages = 208–215}}</ref>“修正石灰位”的概念<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/glossary/c/index.html |title=corrected lime potential (formula) |publisher=Sis.agr.gc.ca |date=2008-11-27 |accessdate=2010-05-03 |archive-date=2012-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204084030/http://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/glossary/c/index.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>是用来定义土壤中碱饱和的程度。在{{Link-en|土壤测试|Soil test}}实验室中，这个概念成为了确定土壤的“{{Link-en|农用石灰|Agricultural lime|石灰}}需求”<ref>{{cite news |url = http://journals.lww.com/soilsci/Citation/1965/07000/A_Study_of_the_Lime_Potential__5__Significance_of.3.aspx |title = A Study of the Lime Potential |author = Turner, R.C. |publisher = Research Branch, Department Of Agriculture |year = 1965 |accessdate = 2013-09-30 |archive-date = 2012-07-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120709173244/http://journals.lww.com/soilsci/Citation/1965/07000/A_Study_of_the_Lime_Potential__5__Significance_of.3.aspx |dead-url = no }}</ref>的测试程序的基础。<ref>应用[[石灰]]来降低铝对植物的毒性。{{cite web
| title = One Hundred Harvests Research Branch Agriculture Canada 1886–1986
| work = Historical series / Agriculture Canada – Série historique / Agriculture Canada
| publisher = Government of Canada
| url = http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/agrican/pubweb/hs270060.asp
| accessdate = 2008-12-22
| archive-date = 2009-07-28
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090728111136/http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/agrican/pubweb/hs270060.asp
| dead-url = no
}}</ref>[[小麦]]对铝具有[[适应]]耐受性，会释放[[有机化合物]]，与有害的铝[[阳离子]]结合。[[高粱]]被认为具有相同的耐受机制。<ref>{{cite journal
|title = Comparative Mapping of a Major Aluminum Tolerance Gene in Sorghum and Other Species in the Poaceae
|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_genetics_2004-08_167_4/page/1905
|first8 = L.V.|last8 = Kochian |first7 = L.|last7 = Li |first6 = R.E.|last6 = Schaffert |first5 = P.E.|last5 = Klein
|first4 = M.E.|last4 = Sorrells|first3 = Y.|last3 = Wang|first2 = D.F.|last2 = Garvin|author = Magalhaes, J.V.
|journal = Genetics|volume = 167| issue = 4|date = 2004|pmid = 15342528|pmc = 1471010|doi = 10.1534/genetics.103.023580|pages = 1905–1914}}</ref>

铝在生产过程的每一步都对环境是挑战。它的主要挑战是[[温室气体排放]]。<ref name="enviroliteracy" />这些气体来自冶炼厂的电力消耗和加工副产品。其中，最持久的是来自冶炼过程的[[碳氟化合物]]。<ref name="enviroliteracy" />它产生的[[二氧化硫]]是[[酸雨]]的主要前体之一。<ref name="enviroliteracy" />

一份来自2001年的西班牙科学报告声称真菌[[白地黴]]会消耗[[光碟]]中的铝。<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1402533.stm |title=Fungus 'eats' CDs |date=22 June 2001 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212220948/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1402533.stm |archive-date=12 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/news010628-11 |author=Bosch, Xavier |title=Fungus eats CD |date=27 June 2001 |journal=Nature |pages=news010628–11 |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2001/010627/full/news010628-11.html |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231163222/http://www.nature.com/news/2001/010627/full/news010628-11.html |archive-date=31 December 2010 }}</ref>其他报告都参考了该报告，并且没有支持原始研究。更好的记录表明，细菌[[铜绿假单胞菌]]和真菌[[枝孢菌]]通常在使用[[煤油]]燃料（不是[[航空汽油]]）的飞机油箱中检测到。实验室的培养物可以降解铝。<ref>{{cite journal
|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio19Tuat01-t1-body-d4.html |journal=Tuatara |title=Studies on the 'Kerosene Fungus' ''Cladosporium resinae'' (Lindau) De Vries: Part I. The Problem of Microbial Contamination of Aviation Fuels |page=29 |author1=Sheridan, J.E. |author2=Nelson, Jan |author3=Tan, Y.L. |volume=19 |issue=1 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213140543/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio19Tuat01-t1-body-d4.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 }}</ref>然而，这些生命形式不会直接攻击或消耗铝；相反，金属铝会被微生物的废物腐蚀。<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Duncan Aviation |title=Fuel System Contamination & Starvation |date=2011 |url=http://www.duncanaviation.aero/intelligence/201102/fuel_starvation_system_contamination.php |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225051128/http://www.duncanaviation.aero/intelligence/201102/fuel_starvation_system_contamination.php |archive-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref>