编辑“︁病毒”︁（章节）

=== 流行病和瘟疫 ===
[[File:Reconstructed Spanish Flu Virus.jpg|thumb|重构的西班牙流感病毒]]
[[美洲原住民]]的人口曾经由于欧洲殖民者带来的传染性疾病，特别是[[天花]]的蔓延而大量减少。没有详细的数据显示在[[克里斯托弗·哥伦布|哥伦布]]到达美洲之后有多少原住民死于外来的疾病，但估计接近总人口的70%。这一破坏性影响很大程度上推動了欧洲殖民者对原住民进行驱赶和征服。這在當時對美洲原住民帶來了極大的恐懼。<ref name="pmid17216901">{{Cite journal |last=Ranlet |first=P. |title=The British, the Indians, and smallpox: what actually happened at Fort Pitt in 1763? |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17216901/ |journal=Pennsylvania History |date=2000 |volume=67 |issue=3 |issn=0031-4528 |pmid=17216901 |access-date=2025-02-06 |archive-date=2025-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825105906/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17216901/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rijn |first=Kiran Van |title=“Lo! the Poor Indian!” Colonial Responses to the 1862–63 Smallpox Epidemic in British Columbia and Vancouver Island |url=https://utppublishing.com/doi/10.3138/cbmh.23.2.541 |journal=Canadian Bulletin of Medical History |date=2006-10 |volume=23 |issue=2 |doi=10.3138/cbmh.23.2.541 |issn=0823-2105 |access-date=2025-02-06 |archive-date=2024-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130165013/https://utppublishing.com/doi/10.3138/cbmh.23.2.541 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patterson |first=Kristine B. |last2=Runge |first2=Thomas |title=Smallpox and the Native American |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002962915344815 |journal=The American Journal of the Medical Sciences |language=en |date=2002-04 |volume=323 |issue=4 |doi=10.1097/00000441-200204000-00009 |access-date=2025-02-06 |archive-date=2025-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816205935/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002962915344815 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sessa |first=R. |last2=Palagiano |first2=C. |last3=Scifoni |first3=M. G. |last4=di Pietro |first4=M. |last5=Del Piano |first5=M. |title=The major epidemic infections: a gift from the Old World to the New? |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10230264/ |journal=Panminerva Medica |date=1999-03 |volume=41 |issue=1 |issn=0031-0808 |pmid=10230264 |access-date=2025-02-06 |archive-date=2025-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203224536/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10230264/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bianchine |first=Peter J. |last2=Russo |first2=Thomas A. |title=The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/10.2500/108854192778817040 |journal=Allergy and Asthma Proceedings |language=en |date=1992-09-01 |volume=13 |issue=5 |doi=10.2500/108854192778817040 |issn=1088-5412}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hauptman |first=L. M. |title=Smallpox and American Indian; Depopulation in Colonial New York |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/390434/ |journal=New York State Journal of Medicine |date=1979-11 |volume=79 |issue=12 |issn=0028-7628 |pmid=390434 |access-date=2025-02-06 |archive-date=2024-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608162732/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/390434/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fortuine |first=R. |title=Smallpox decimates the Tlingit (1787) |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3041871/ |journal=Alaska Medicine |date=1988 |volume=30 |issue=3 |issn=0002-4538 |pmid=3041871 |access-date=2025-02-06 |archive-date=2024-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224165619/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3041871/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>

[[瘟疫]]是世界范围内的流行病。1918年的流感大爆发，即通常所说的[[1918年流感大流行|西班牙流感]]，就是一种级别最高（[[大规模流行病严重性指标|第五级]]）的大规模流行病，是由一种特殊的严重致死性流感A型病毒；这一流感的感染者通常是健康的青壮年，而其他大多数流感则多发生在青少年、老人或体弱多病者中。<ref>Collier pp. 409–415</ref>西班牙流感持续时间从1918年到1919年，过去估计死亡人数在四千万到五千万人，<ref name="Patterson1">{{Cite journal |last=Patterson |first=K. D. |last2=Pyle |first2=G. F. |title=The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2021692/ |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |date=1991 |volume=65 |issue=1 |issn=0007-5140 |pmid=2021692 |access-date=2025-02-06 |archive-date=2025-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505235220/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2021692/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>而最新的研究结果显示这一瘟疫可能导致一亿人死亡，死亡人口占1918年全球总人口的5%。<ref name="pmid11875246">{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Niall P. A. S. |last2=Mueller |first2=Juergen |title=Updating the Accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918-1920 "Spanish" Influenza Pandemic |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/4826 |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |date=2002 |volume=76 |issue=1 |doi=10.1353/bhm.2002.0022 |issn=1086-3176 |access-date=2025-02-06 |archive-date=2025-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012051846/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/4826 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
{{Multiple image
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   | footer    = 上至下：[[伊波拉病毒]]及[[馬爾堡病毒]]
   | image1    =ebola_virus_em.png
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   | image2    =Marburg virus.jpg
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多数研究者相信[[艾滋病]]来源于二十世纪的[[撒哈拉以南非洲]]地区；<ref name="Gao">{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Feng |last2=Bailes |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Robertson |first3=David L. |last4=Chen |first4=Yalu |last5=Rodenburg |first5=Cynthia M. |last6=Michael |first6=Scott F. |last7=Cummins |first7=Larry B. |last8=Arthur |first8=Larry O. |last9=Peeters |first9=Martine |last10=Shaw |first10=George M. |last11=Sharp |first11=Paul M. |title=Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/17130 |journal=Nature |language=en |date=1999-02 |volume=397 |issue=6718 |doi=10.1038/17130 |issn=1476-4687 |access-date=2025-02-06 |archive-date=2025-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719050216/https://www.nature.com/articles/17130 |dead-url=no }}</ref>现在，艾滋病已经发展成为瘟疫，全球大约有3860万人感染了艾滋病。<ref>Shors p. 447</ref>[[联合国艾滋病规划署]]（UNAIDS）和[[世界卫生组织]]（WHO）估计自1981年6月5日发现首个病例至今，已有超过两千五百万人死于艾滋病，这使得艾滋病成为有史以来最具傷害性的瘟疫之一。<ref name="pmid16517997">{{Cite journal |last=Mawar |first=Nita |last2=Saha |first2=Seema |last3=Pandit |first3=Apoorvaa |last4=Mahajan |first4=Uma |title=The third phase of HIV pandemic: social consequences of HIV/AIDS stigma & discrimination & future needs |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16517997/ |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=2005-12 |volume=122 |issue=6 |issn=0971-5916 |pmid=16517997 |access-date=2025-02-06 |archive-date=2025-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818150030/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16517997/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>2007年全年总共有270万新的艾滋病感染者和兩百万艾滋病相关的死亡案例。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Status of the global HIV epidemic |url=http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2008/jc1510_2008_global_report_pp29_62_en.pdf |date=2008 |accessdate=2008-09-15 |publisher=UNAIDS |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122231422/http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2008/jc1510_2008_global_report_pp29_62_en.pdf |archivedate=2015-11-22}}</ref>

数种高致死性病毒菌株是[[絲狀病毒科]]成员。絲狀病毒是一类纤维状的病毒，可以引起病毒性出血热，其成员包括[[埃博拉病毒]]和[[馬爾堡病毒]]。馬爾堡病毒引起全世界的广泛注意是在2005年4月，[[安哥拉]]发生的一次疾病爆发。这次爆发从2004年10月一直持续到2005年。<ref name="pmid16775337">{{Cite journal |last=Towner |first=Jonathan S. |last2=Khristova |first2=Marina L. |last3=Sealy |first3=Tara K. |last4=Vincent |first4=Martin J. |last5=Erickson |first5=Bobbie R. |last6=Bawiec |first6=Darcy A. |last7=Hartman |first7=Amy L. |last8=Comer |first8=James A. |last9=Zaki |first9=Sherif R. |last10=Ströher |first10=Ute |last11=Gomes da Silva |first11=Filomena |title=Marburgvirus Genomics and Association with a Large Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreak in Angola |url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.00069-06 |journal=Journal of Virology |language=en |date=2006-07 |volume=80 |issue=13 |doi=10.1128/JVI.00069-06 |issn=0022-538X |pmc=1488971 |pmid=16775337 |access-date=2025-02-06 |archive-date=2025-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424073953/https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.00069-06 |dead-url=no }}</ref>[[伊波拉出血熱]]則首度出現於1976年，後造成間歇性爆發及高致死率。最近且最嚴重的一次爆發，為[[西非伊波拉病毒疫症]]。<ref name = WHO_PHEIC_8Aug2014>{{Cite web | url = http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/ebola-20140808/en/ | title = Statement on the Meeting of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee Regarding the 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa | publisher = World Health Organization | date = 2014-08-08 | accessdate = 2014-08-08 | archive-date = 2014-08-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140821153135/http://who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/ebola-20140808/en/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>