编辑“︁氯”︁（章节）

=== 用作武器 ===
==== 第一次世界大战 ====
{{Main|{{le|第一次世界大战的化学武器|Chemical weapons in World War I}}}}
[[第一次世界大战]]的[[第二次伊珀尔战役]]期间，氯气于1915年4月22日首次被德意志帝国陆军用作[[化学武器|武器]]<ref>"Battle of Ypres" ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''</ref><ref name=CEN2015>{{cite journal | first = Sarah | last = Everts | url = http://chemicalweapons.cenmag.org/when-chemicals-became-weapons-of-war/ | title = When Chemicals Became Weapons of War | journal = Chemical & Engineering News | volume = 93 | issue = 8 | date = 2015-02-23 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160330203223/http://chemicalweapons.cenmag.org/when-chemicals-became-weapons-of-war/ | archive-date = 2016-03-30 }}</ref>正如士兵们所描述的，它有一种胡椒和凤梨混合的独特气味，也尝到了金属味，刺痛了喉咙和胸部的后部。氯会和肺[[粘膜]]中的水反应，形成[[盐酸]], 对活组织具有破坏性并可能致命。[[防毒面具]]和[[活性炭]]或其他过滤器可以保护人体呼吸系统免受氯气的侵害，这使得氯气的致命性远低于其他化学武器。它是由德国科学家[[弗里茨·哈伯]]与[[法本公司]]合作开发的，后者开发了排放氯气的方法来对付[[壕溝]]里的敌人。<ref>{{Cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9FljcEASycC&pg=PA226| page=226| title=Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production| isbn=978-0-262-69313-4| author1=Smil, Vaclav| date=2004-04-01| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231220856/https://books.google.com/books?id=G9FljcEASycC&pg=PA226| archive-date=2015-12-31}}</ref>首次使用后，双方都使用氯作为化学武器，但很快就被更致命的[[光气]]和[[芥子气]]所取代。<ref name="First World War">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm|title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas|publisher=First World War.com|access-date=2007-08-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm|archive-date=2007-08-21}}</ref>

==== 伊拉克====
{{Main|{{le|伊拉克的氯气轰炸|Chlorine bombings in Iraq}}}}
2007年，氯气也被用于{{le|安巴尔省的伊拉克战争|Iraq War in Anbar Province}}，叛乱分子用[[迫击炮]]和氯气罐包装[[汽车炸弹]]。这次袭击造成两人死亡，超过 350 人患病。其中，大多数死亡是由爆炸的威力造成的，而不是氯的影响，因为有毒气体很容易随着爆炸在大气中分散和稀释。在一些爆炸事件中，一百多名平民因呼吸困难而住院。伊拉克当局加强了氯元素的保卫，这对于向民众提供安全饮用水至关重要。<ref name="cnnchlorine">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/03/17/iraq.main/index.html|last=Mahdi|first=Basim|publisher=CNN|date=2007-03-17|access-date=2007-03-17|title=Iraq gas attack makes hundreds ill|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317201051/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/03/17/iraq.main/index.html|archive-date=2007-03-17}}</ref><ref name="Chlorine bomb BBC">{{cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6660585.stm|work = BBC News|date = 2007-05-17|access-date = 2007-05-17|title = 'Chlorine bomb' hits Iraq village|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070526010713/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6660585.stm|archive-date = 2007-05-26}}</ref>

据报道，2014年10月23日，[[伊斯兰国]]曾在[[伊拉克]]的Duluiyah镇使用过氯气。<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/islamic-state-militants-allegedly-used-chlorine-gas-against-iraqi-security-forces/2014/10/23/c865c943-1c93-4ac0-a7ed-033218f15cbb_story.html|title=Islamic State militants allegedly used chlorine gas against Iraqi security forces|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Loveday|last=Morris|date=2014-10-23|access-date=2021-06-08|archive-date=2021-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219012039/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/islamic-state-militants-allegedly-used-chlorine-gas-against-iraqi-security-forces/2014/10/23/c865c943-1c93-4ac0-a7ed-033218f15cbb_story.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>对衣服和土壤样本的实验室分析证实，2015年1月23日，有人在摩苏尔附近的47号公路 Kiske 路口，对库尔德[[佩什梅格]]部队使用了氯气。<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/efilp3g8mxwiev4/Lab-Report-Kisic-Junction-Chlorine.pdf?dl=0|title=Lab report on chlorine gas usage|publisher=Kurdistan Region Security Council|date=2015-03-14|accessdate=2021-06-15|archive-date=2023-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230134053/https://www.dropbox.com/s/efilp3g8mxwiev4/Lab-Report-Kisic-Junction-Chlorine.pdf?dl=0|dead-url=no}}</ref>

==== 叙利亚====
{{Main|{{le|叙利亚内战中使用的化学武器|Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War}}}}
叙利亚政府将氯用作[[化学武器]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/13/world/middleeast/syrian-chlorine-bombs-aleppo-human-rights-watch.html?_r=0 |title=Syria Used Chlorine Bombs Systematically in Aleppo, Report Says |access-date=2017-05-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515042507/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/13/world/middleeast/syrian-chlorine-bombs-aleppo-human-rights-watch.html?_r=0 |archive-date=2017-05-15 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2017-02-13 |last1=Gladstone |first1=Rick }}</ref>，由[[桶装炸弹]]和火箭发射。<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37291182 |title=Syrian forces 'drop chlorine' on Aleppo |access-date=2017-05-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513191745/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37291182 |archive-date=2017-05-13 |work=BBC News |date=2016-09-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/03/06/ignoring-un-russia-and-assad-continue-syrian-chemical-weapons-and-bombing-attacks-labeled-war-crimes.html |title=Ignoring UN, Russia and Assad continue Syrian chemical weapons and bombing attacks labeled war crimes |access-date=2017-05-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425092749/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/03/06/ignoring-un-russia-and-assad-continue-syrian-chemical-weapons-and-bombing-attacks-labeled-war-crimes.html |archive-date=2017-04-25 |date=2017-03-06 }}</ref>2016年，{{le|禁止化武组织-联合国联合调查机制|OPCW-UN Joint Investigative Mechanism}}得出的结论是叙利亚政府在三起单独的袭击中使用氯作为化学武器。<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-opcw-timeline-idUSKBN1HG1M7 "Timeline of investigations into Syria's chemical weapons"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-opcw-timeline-idUSKBN1HG1M7 |date=20211218003739 }}. Reuters. April 9, 2018.</ref>禁化武组织调查和鉴定小组后来的调查得出结论，[[叙利亚阿拉伯空军]]应对 2017 年和 2018 年的氯气袭击负责。<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-56721409 "Syrian air force behind 2018 chlorine attack on Saraqeb, OPCW finds"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-56721409 |date=20211218003753 }} BBC News. April 12, 2021.</ref>