编辑“︁Uue”︁（章节）

==历史==
===尝试合成===
====以前====
114至118号元素（[[鈇]]至[[鿫]]）皆由位于俄罗斯[[杜布纳]]的[[杜布纳联合原子核研究所]]（JINR）通过热聚变反应发现，反应涉及用几乎稳定、富有中子的[[钙-48]]轰击从[[钚]]至[[锎]]的元素，合成有更多中子的超重元素。<ref name="Folden" />不过，119号元素无法轻易用此类反应合成，因为这需要用钙-48轰击[[锿]]元素。反应需要几十毫克的锿，但目前只能合成几微克的锿。<ref name=usprogram/>1985年，科学家在加州伯克利的superHILAC加速器通过用[[钙-48]]离子轰击不足一微克的锿-254，首次尝试合成Uue，结果失败。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lougheed |first1=R. |last2=Landrum |first2=J. |last3=Hulet |first3=E. |last4=Wild |first4=J. |last5=Dougan |first5=R. |last6=Dougan |first6=A. |last7=Gäggeler |first7=H. |last8=Schädel |first8=M. |last9=Moody |first9=K. |display-authors=3 |date=3 June 1985 |title=Search for superheavy elements using the {{sup|48}}Ca + {{sup|254}}Es{{sup|g}} reaction |url=https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760 |journal=Physical Review C |publication-date=1 November 1985 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=1760–1763 |bibcode=1985PhRvC..32.1760L |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760 |pmid=9953034 |url-access=registration |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330005749/https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760 |url-status=live }}</ref>
:{{nuclide|einsteinium|254}} + {{nuclide|calcium|48}} → {{nuclide|ununennium|302}}* → 没有原子

对于更重的超重元素，更实际的合成反应需要使用比{{sup|48}}Ca重的发射体，<ref name="Folden">{{cite journal |last1=Folden III |first1=C. M. |last2=Mayorov |first2=D. A. |last3=Werke |first3=T. A. |last4=Alfonso |first4=M. C. |last5=Bennett |first5=M. E. |last6=DeVanzo |first6=M. J. |display-authors=2 |year=2013 |title=Prospects for the discovery of the next new element: Influence of projectiles with ''Z'' > 20 |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012007 |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |publisher=IOP Publishing Ltd |volume=420 |issue=1 |at=012007 |arxiv=1209.0498 |bibcode=2013JPhCS.420a2007F |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012007 |s2cid=119275964 |access-date=2022-03-21 |archive-date=2022-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321211112/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012007 |url-status=live }}</ref>但这会使得反应更对称，<ref name=search/>更难成功。<ref name=usprogram/>由于反应[[截面 (物理)|截面]]降低，合成的同位素的[[半衰期]]也预测极短，{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}}只有几微秒，<ref name="Haire" /><ref name="Hofmann">{{cite book |last=Hofmann |first=Sigurd |editor1-first=Walter |editor1-last=Greiner |date=2013 |title=Overview and Perspectives of SHE Research at GSI SHIP |pages=23–32 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-00047-3 |isbn=978-3-319-00046-6 |url=http://cds.cern.ch/record/1551965 |language=en |access-date=2021-12-02 |archive-date=2021-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211124/http://cds.cern.ch/record/1551965 }}</ref>119号元素的合成将突破当前技术的极限。

从2012年4月到9月，德国[[达姆施塔特]]的[[亥姆霍兹重离子研究中心]]（GSI）通过用[[钛]]-50轰击[[锫]]-249，尝试合成<sup>295</sup>Uue和<sup>296</sup>Uue。<ref name="economist">[http://www.economist.com/node/21554502 Modern alchemy: Turning a line] {{Wayback|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21554502 |date=20170523091850 }}, [[The Economist]], May 12, 2012.</ref><ref name="Khuyagbaatar">[http://asrc.jaea.go.jp/soshiki/gr/chiba_gr/workshop2/&Khuyagbaatar.pdf Superheavy Element Search Campaign at TASCA] {{Wayback|url=http://asrc.jaea.go.jp/soshiki/gr/chiba_gr/workshop2/%26Khuyagbaatar.pdf |date=20160304082115 }}. J. Khuyagbaatar</ref>由于<sup>249</sup>Bk和<sup>50</sup>Ti的反应在可以实际运行的反应中最不对称，{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}}它最有可能合成出119号元素。<ref name="Khuyagbaatar" />而且，锫-249会衰变成下一个元素[[锎]]-249，半衰期只有短短的327天，所以反应可以同时尝试合成119和120号元素。<ref name="search">{{cite journal |last1=Khuyagbaatar |first1=J. |last2=Yakushev |first2=A. |last3=Düllmann |first3=Ch. E. |display-authors=etal |date=2020 |title=Search for elements 119 and 120 |url=https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/73027/2/khuyagbaatarym0812.pdf |journal=Physical Review C |volume=102 |issue=6 |at=064602 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.102.064602 |bibcode=2020PhRvC.102f4602K |s2cid=229401931 |access-date=25 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2021-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209203725/https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/73027/2/khuyagbaatarym0812.pdf }}</ref>由于Uue的半衰期预计较短，GSI团队使用了能够在微秒内记录衰变事件的新型快速电子设备。<ref name="Khuyagbaatar" />{{sfn|Zagrebaev|Karpov|Greiner|2013}}
:{{nuclide|berkelium|249}} + {{nuclide|titanium|50}} → {{nuclide|ununennium|299}}* → 没有原子
:{{nuclide|californium|249}} + {{nuclide|titanium|50}} → {{nuclide|unbinilium|299}}* → 没有原子

反应没发现119或120号元素。<ref name="Yakushev">{{cite web | url=http://asrc.jaea.go.jp/soshiki/gr/chiba_gr/workshop3/%26Yakushev.pdf | title=Superheavy Element Research at TASCA | access-date=2024-01-26 | archive-date=2016-03-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082617/http://asrc.jaea.go.jp/soshiki/gr/chiba_gr/workshop3/%26Yakushev.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="search"/>这个实验原本会持续到2012年11月，<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-win.gsi.de/tasca12/program/contributions/TASCA12_Duellmann.pdf|title=Search for element 119: Christoph E. Düllmann for the ''TASCA E119'' collaboration|access-date=2015-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094201/https://www-win.gsi.de/tasca12/program/contributions/TASCA12_Duellmann.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref>但实验人员把发射体改成<sup>48</sup>Ca以确认[[鿬]]的发现，提早结束实验。<ref name="Yakushev" />

====现在====
[[File:Curium oxide targets.jpg|thumb|RIKEN尝试合成Uue时所用的[[氧化锔]]-248目标<ref name=nelson/>]]

2018年1月，位于日本埼玉县[[和光市]]的[[理化学研究所]]（RIKEN）团队在开始用[[钒]]-51（<sup>51</sup>V）轰击[[锔]]-248（<sup>248</sup>Cm）目标来合成Uue。<ref name=sakai22/>由于较重的锫或[[锎]]难以制备，他们选择了锔来作为目标。<ref name="sakai">{{cite web |url=http://www0.mi.infn.it/~colo/slides_27_2_19/2019-2_Milano-WS_sakai.pdf |title=Search for a New Element at RIKEN Nishina Center |last=Sakai |first=Hideyuki |date=2019-02-27 |website=infn.it |access-date=2019-12-17 |language=en |archive-date=2021-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209203724/http://www0.mi.infn.it/~colo/slides_27_2_19/2019-2_Milano-WS_sakai.pdf }}</ref>[[橡树岭国家实验室]]提供反应中的<sup>248</sup>Cm目标，RIKEN则研发高能钒离子束。<ref name=usprogram>{{cite journal |url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1896856 |title=The Status and Ambitions of the US Heavy Element Program |first1=J. |last1=Gates |first2=J. |last2=Pore |first3=H. |last3=Crawford |first4=D. |last4=Shaughnessy |first5=M. A. |last5=Stoyer |date=2022-10-25 |website=osti.gov |publisher= |access-date=2022-11-13 |doi=10.2172/1896856 |osti=1896856 |s2cid=253391052 |quote= |archive-date=2024-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924104831/https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1896856 |url-status=live }}</ref>RIKEN最初在回旋加速器开始实验，2020年完成直线粒子加速器的升级后也用以合成Uue。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nishina.riken.jp/about/greeting_e.html|title=Greeting &#124; RIKEN Nishina Center|quote=With the completion of the upgrade of the linear accelerator and BigRIPS at the beginning of 2020, the RNC aims to synthesize new elements from element 119 and beyond.|date=2020-04-01|first=Hiroyoshi|last=Sakurai|access-date=2021-03-05|archive-date=2021-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202084613/https://www.nishina.riken.jp/about/greeting_e.html|url-status=live}}</ref>两台机器不断运作，直至观测到第一次事件。<ref name="ball19">{{cite journal |last=Ball |first=P. |title=Extreme chemistry: experiments at the edge of the periodic table |date=2019 |journal=Nature |volume=565 |issue=7741 |pages=552–555 |issn=1476-4687 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-00285-9 |pmid=30700884 |bibcode=2019Natur.565..552B |s2cid=59524524 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.nature.com/magazine-assets/d41586-019-00285-9/d41586-019-00285-9.pdf |quote="We started the search for element 119 last June," says RIKEN researcher Hideto En'yo. "It will certainly take a long time — years and years — so we will continue the same experiment intermittently for 100 or more days per year, until we or somebody else discovers it." |access-date=2019-08-23 |archive-date=2019-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412102259/https://www.nature.com/magazine-assets/d41586-019-00285-9/d41586-019-00285-9.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sakai" />RIKEN团队的尝试会由[[天皇]]资助。<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eic.rsc.org/feature/the-hunt-is-on/3008580.article |title=The hunt is on |last1=Chapman |first1=Kit |last2=Turner |first2=Kristy |date=2018-02-13 |website=Education in Chemistry |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |access-date=2019-06-28 |language=en |quote=The hunt for element 113 was almost abandoned because of lack of resources, but this time Japan’s emperor is bankrolling Riken’s efforts to extend the periodic table to its eighth row. |archive-date=2019-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720192510/https://eic.rsc.org/feature/the-hunt-is-on/3008580.article }}</ref>

:{{nuclide|curium|248}} + {{nuclide|vanadium|51}} → {{nuclide|ununennium|299}}* → 还没有原子

产生的Uue同位素预计会经两次α衰变衰变成已知的[[镆]]同位素<sup>287</sup>Mc和<sup>288</sup>Mc。在这之后已知会发生五或六次α衰变事件，可以此证实它们的发现。<ref name=sakai22>{{cite journal |last1=Sakai |first1=Hideyuki |last2=Haba |first2=Hiromitsu |first3=Kouji |last3=Morimoto |first4=Naruhiko |last4=Sakamoto |date=2022-12-09 |title=Facility upgrade for superheavy-element research at RIKEN |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=58 |issue=238 |page=238 |doi=10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00888-3 |pmid=36533209 |pmc=9734366 |bibcode=2022EPJA...58..238S }}</ref><ref name=Mc2022>{{Cite journal |title=New isotope {{sup|286}}Mc produced in the {{sup|243}}Am+{{sup|48}}Ca reaction |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |last2=Utyonkov |first2=V. K. |last3=Kovrizhnykh |first3=N. D. |display-authors=et al. |date=2022 |journal=Physical Review C |volume=106 |number=64306 |article-number=064306 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.106.064306|bibcode=2022PhRvC.106f4306O |s2cid=254435744 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

截至2023年9月，RIKEN团队已尝试{{sup|248}}Cm+{{sup|51}}V反应长达462天。RIKEN的报告称虽然{{sup|248}}Cm+{{sup|51}}V反应预测不如{{sup|249}}Bk+{{sup|50}}Ti反应，但出于锔更易获得的因素选择前者。{{sup|249}}Bk+{{sup|50}}Ti反应更优是因为{{sup|50}}Ti发射体更靠近双幻数原子核{{sup|48}}Ca。此外，{{sup|50}}Ti的原子序为偶数（22），而涉及偶数原子序发射体的反应截面通常更高。<ref name=report/>尽管如此，{{sup|249}}Bk的短半衰期是该反应的弱点。<ref name=nelson/>报告也指出如果该反应未发现Uue原子，截面确认低于5&nbsp;fb，那么RIKEN团队会在继续尝试反应前重估实验策略。<ref name=report>{{cite web |url=https://www.riken.jp/medialibrary/riken/about/reports/evaluation/rnc/ncac/ncac2023-report-e.pdf |title=RIKEN Nishina Center Advisory Committee Report |last= |first= |date=2023-09-07 |website=riken.jp |publisher=Riken |access-date=2024-04-11 |quote= |archive-date=2024-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924105317/https://www.riken.jp/medialibrary/riken/about/reports/evaluation/rnc/ncac/ncac2023-report-e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{As of|2024|8}}，RIKEN团队仍全天候尝试该反应。<ref name=nelson>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Felicity |date=2024-08-15 |title=How Japan Took the Lead in the Race to Discover Element 119 |journal=ACS Central Science |volume= 10|issue= 9|pages= 1669–1673|doi=10.1021/acscentsci.4c01266 |doi-access=free |pmid=39507239 |pmc=11539895 }}</ref>

====计划中====
JINR有计划合成Uue。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/jinr-presented-largest-periodic-table-to-dubna/ |title=JINR presented largest Periodic Table to Dubna |author=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |date=24 July 2021 |website=jinr.ru |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924083007/http://www.jinr.ru/posts/jinr-presented-largest-periodic-table-to-dubna/ |url-status=live }}</ref>2023年尾，JINR报道首次用比{{sup|48}}Ca重的发射体成功合成超重元素的案例。他们用[[铬的同位素|{{sup|54}}Cr]]轰击[[铀-238|{{sup|238}}U]]，得到116号元素[[鉝]]的新同位素[[鉝的同位素|{{sup|288}}Lv]]。该实验旨在测量涉及{{sup|54}}Cr发射体的反应截面，为120号元素的合成做准备，而实验中成功合成超重元素则属意外之喜。<ref name=Lv288>{{cite news |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/v-lyar-oiyai-vpervye-v-mire-sintezirovan-livermorij-288/ |title=В ЛЯР ОИЯИ впервые в мире синтезирован ливерморий-288 |trans-title=Livermorium-288 was synthesized for the first time in the world at FLNR JINR |language=ru |date=23 October 2023 |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303145516/https://www.jinr.ru/posts/v-lyar-oiyai-vpervye-v-mire-sintezirovan-livermorij-288/ |url-status=live }}</ref>JINR也有提到未来会使用{{sup|54}}Cr轰击[[镅-243|{{sup|243}}Am]]，尝试合成Uue。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/superheavy-element-factory-overview-of-obtained-results/ |title=Superheavy Element Factory: overview of obtained results |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=24 August 2023 |website= |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=7 December 2023 |quote= |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924104859/https://www.jinr.ru/posts/superheavy-element-factory-overview-of-obtained-results/ |url-status=live }}</ref>2026年2月，JINR的[[尤里·奥加涅相]]称合成Uue的实验应该会在2026年开始。<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jinr.ru/posts/v-oiyai-podveli-itogi-139-j-sessii-uchenogo-soveta/ |title=В ОИЯИ подвели итоги 139-й сессии Ученого совета |quote=Научную программу первого дня сессии завершил доклад научного руководителя Лаборатории ядерных реакций имени Г. Н. Флерова Юрия Оганесяна «На пути к синтезу 119-го элемента». В своем выступлении он представил анализ текущего состояния работ по синтезу сверхтяжелых элементов и перспектив расширения периодической таблицы Менделеева. Академик Оганесян рассказал о подготовке к новому эксперименту и о вызовах, стоящих перед учеными. «Этот эксперимент принципиален: он даст ответ, есть ли путь к еще более тяжелым элементам, или же мы уже достигли предела. Теории пока не дают однозначного ответа, поэтому решающее слово остается за экспериментом, который должен начаться уже в этом году», — подчеркнул Юрий Цолакович. |language=ru |date=20 February 2026 |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=22 February 2026 |url-status=live }}</ref>[[中国科学院]]{{le|近代物理中心|Institute of Modern Physics}}的[[兰州]]重离子研究装置（HIRFL）也有计划尝试{{sup|243}}Am+{{sup|54}}Cr反应。<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Chang|last1=Geng|first2=Peng-Hui|last2=Chen|first3=Fei|last3=Niu|first4=Zu-Xing|last4=Yang|first5=Xiang-Hua|last5=Zeng|first6=Zhao-Qing|last6=Feng|date=23 February 2024|title=Assessing the Impact of Nuclear Mass Models on the Prediction of Synthesis Cross Sections for Superheavy Elements|journal=Physical Review C |volume=109 |issue=5 |article-number=054611 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.109.054611 |arxiv=2402.15304v1|bibcode=2024PhRvC.109e4611G }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gan |first1=Z. G. |last2=Huang |first2=W. X. |last3=Zhang |first3=Z. Y. |last4=Zhou |first4=X. H. |last5=Xu |first5=H. S. |date=2022 |title=Results and perspectives for study of heavy and super-heavy nuclei and elements at IMP/CAS |url= |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=58 |issue=158 |article-number=158 |doi=10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00811-w |bibcode=2022EPJA...58..158G }}</ref>

===命名===
依照[[门捷列夫对化学元素的预测|门捷列夫对有待命名或尚未发现的元素的命名法]]，119号元素应名为类钫（{{langx|en|eka-francium}}）。1979年，IUPAC推出用于提供临时名称及代用元素符号的[[IUPAC元素系统命名法|元素系统命名法]]。根据这套命名法，119号元素应称为{{lang|en|ununennium}}，化学符号Uue。<ref name="iupac">{{cite journal|author=Chatt, J.|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|date=1979|volume=51|pages=381–384|title=Recommendations for the naming of elements of atomic numbers greater than 100|doi=10.1351/pac197951020381|issue=2|doi-access=free|language=en}}</ref>尽管各级化学教科书都广泛使用IUPAC的命名，但行内的科学家却一般直接称它为“119号元素”，化学符号E119、(119)或119。<ref name="Haire" />