编辑“︁Node.js”︁（章节）

==歷史==
[[File:Ryan Dahl.jpg|thumb|Node.js的创始人[[瑞安·達爾]]，摄于2010年]]

Node.js于2009年写成，原始作者是美國軟體工程師[[瑞安·達爾]]（{{lang|en|Ryan Dahl}}）<ref name="training.com">{{cite web|title=About Node.js, and why you should add Node.js to your skill set?|url=http://blog.training.com/2016/09/about-nodejs-and-why-you-should-add.html|website=Training.com|publisher=Training.com|accessdate=23 October 2016|ref=training.com|archive-date=2017-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401061100/http://blog.training.com/2016/09/about-nodejs-and-why-you-should-add.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。Node.js结合了[[Google]]的[[V8 (JavaScript引擎)|V8]]、事件驱动模式和低级[[I/O]][[应用程序接口|接口]]<ref name="b1">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZH6bpbcrlvYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=nodejs&hl=en&sa=X#v=onepage&q=nodejs&f=false Professional Node.js: Building JavaScript Based Scalable Software] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZH6bpbcrlvYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=nodejs&hl=en&sa=X#v=onepage&q=nodejs&f=false |date=20170324021220 }} , John Wiley & Sons, 01-Oct-2012</ref>，其设计灵感源自[[Flickr]]的一款上传进度栏：在上传过程中，浏览器并不清楚有多少文件已经发送到服务器，除非向服务器进行查询，于是达尔想出了一个更简便的方法<ref>{{cite web|url=http://devopsangle.com/2013/04/01/the-birth-of-node-where-did-it-come-from-creator-ryan-dahl-shares-the-history/|title=The Birth of Node: Where Did it Come From? Creator Ryan Dahl Shares the History|last=Harris|first=Amber|date=April 1, 2012|publisher=Devops Angle|accessdate=26 October 2013|archive-date=2014-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018133031/http://devopsangle.com/2013/04/01/the-birth-of-node-where-did-it-come-from-creator-ryan-dahl-shares-the-history/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。Node.js的开发和维护工作由达尔本人主持，而他所在的[[Joyent]]公司也提供了赞助<ref name="Google Groups post by Ryan Dahl about Joyent">{{cite web|url= https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/nodejs/lWo0MbHZ6Tc|title= Joyent and Node|author= Ryan Dahl|publisher= Google Groups|date= 2010-11-09|accessdate= 2015-02-05|archive-date= 2011-01-22|archive-url= http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20110122130054/https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/nodejs/lWo0MbHZ6Tc|dead-url= no}}</ref>。2009年11月8日，達爾在欧洲JSConf大会上展示了Node.js项目<ref name="b3">[https://books.google.com/books?id=KGt-FxUEj48C&pg=PT24&dq=nodejs&hl=en&sa=X#v=onepage&q=nodejs&f=false Sams Teach Yourself Node.js in 24 Hours] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGt-FxUEj48C&pg=PT24&dq=nodejs&hl=en&sa=X#v=onepage&q=nodejs&f=false |date=20170323192039 }} , Sams Publishing, 05-Sep-2012</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jsconf.eu/2009/speaker/speakers_selected.html|title=Ryan Dahl at JSConf EU 2009|accessdate=2017-05-04|archive-date=2017-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514211032/http://www.jsconf.eu/2009/speaker/speakers_selected.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztspvPYybIY|title=Ryan Dahl at JSConf EU 2009 Video|accessdate=2017-05-04|archive-date=2017-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515113946/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztspvPYybIY|dead-url=no}}</ref>，并受到了观众赞赏<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsconf.eu/2009/video_nodejs_by_ryan_dahl.html|title=Video: Node.js by Ryan Dahl|publisher=|accessdate=2017-05-04|archive-date=2017-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511080211/http://www.jsconf.eu/2009/video_nodejs_by_ryan_dahl.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>。在演讲中，达尔针对[[Apache HTTP Server]]和顺序编程方式提出了批评，认为Apache处理大量并发连接（10,000甚至更多）的可能性有限，而且顺序编程方式在多连接情况下会造成阻塞，或者消耗更多资源；而Node.js提供了基于事件驱动和非阻塞的接口，可用于编写高并发状态下的程序，而且JavaScript的匿名函数、闭包、回调函数等特性就是为事件驱动而设计的<ref>{{cite web | url=https://belitsoft.com/php-development-services/php7-vs-nodejs | title=PHP 7 vs Node.js? They Can Be Partners, Not Competitors For a Developer! | accessdate=21 December 2016 | archive-date=2017-02-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223211427/https://belitsoft.com/php-development-services/php7-vs-nodejs | dead-url=yes }}</ref>。

2010年1月，一款名为“[[npm]]”的[[软件包管理系统]]诞生<ref>{{cite web |url=https://github.com/npm/npm/releases?after=v0.1.1 |title=Earliest releases of npm |website=GitHub |accessdate=27 July 2016 |archive-date=2017-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301204041/https://github.com/npm/npm/releases?after=v0.1.1 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。npm使程序员能够更方便地发布和分享Node.js类库及源代码，而且简化了类库安装、升级与卸载的过程<ref name="b1"/>。Node.js最初只支持Linux和Mac OS X操作系统。2011年6月，微软和Joyent共同合作，把Node.js移植到了Windows系统上面<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nodejs.org/en/blog/uncategorized/porting-node-to-windows-with-microsofts-help/ | title=Porting Node to Windows With Microsoft's Help | accessdate=17 April 2016 | archive-date=2017-07-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714094815/https://nodejs.org/en/blog/uncategorized/porting-node-to-windows-with-microsofts-help/ | dead-url=yes }}</ref>，并且在7月发布了第一个正式支持Windows系统的版本。

2012年1月，达尔离开了Node.js项目，开发工作由他的同事以及npm创始人艾薩克·施呂特（Isaac Schlueter）继续主持<ref>{{cite web|url=//groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/nodejs/hfajgpvGTLY|title=New gatekeeper|last=Dahl|first=Ryan|accessdate=26 October 2013|archive-date=2011-01-22|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20110122130054/https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/nodejs/hfajgpvGTLY|dead-url=no}}</ref>。2014年2月，蒂莫西·费里斯（Timothy J. Fontaine）接任项目主管<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nodejs.org/en/blog/uncategorized/tj-fontaine-new-node-lead/|title=The Next Phase of Node.js|last=Schlueter|first=Isaac|date=January 15, 2014|accessdate=21 January 2014|archive-date=2017-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714094920/https://nodejs.org/en/blog/uncategorized/tj-fontaine-new-node-lead/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。

由于长期对Joyent的管理感到不满，Node.js核心开发者Fedor Indutny在2014年12月制作了[[复刻 (软件工程)|分支]]版本，并起名“io.js”。与Node.js相对的是，io.js采用开放管理模式进行管理<ref name="Krill, Paul">{{cite web | url=http://www.javaworld.com/article/2855639/open-source-tools/qanda-why-io-js-decided-to-fork-node-js.html | title=Why io.js Decided to Fork Node.js | publisher=JavaWorld | date=Dec 4, 2014 | accessdate=Dec 15, 2014 | author=Krill, Paul | archive-date=2017-06-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630072910/http://www.javaworld.com/article/2855639/open-source-tools/qanda-why-io-js-decided-to-fork-node-js.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="iwtw">[http://www.infoworld.com/article/2855057/application-development/why-iojs-decided-to-fork-nodejs.html Q&A: Why io.js decided to fork Node.js] {{Wayback|url=http://www.infoworld.com/article/2855057/application-development/why-iojs-decided-to-fork-nodejs.html |date=20181106221731 }} , [[Infoworld]] Tech Watch</ref>，并计划始终采用最新版的[[V8 (JavaScript引擎)|V8引擎]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=3692#c3 | title=Issue 3692: function suddenly becomes | publisher=V8 JavaScript Engine Issues | author=Ben Noordhuis | date=Nov 12, 2014 | accessdate=2 February 2015 | archive-date=2015-11-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101215434/https://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=3692#c3 | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Mikeal, Rogers">{{cite web | url=https://medium.com/node-js-javascript/state-of-io-js-2b3094e6f923 | title=State of io.js | date=January 28, 2015 | accessdate=2 February 2015 | author=Mikeal, Rogers | archive-date=2015-08-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830022140/https://medium.com/node-js-javascript/state-of-io-js-2b3094e6f923 | dead-url=no }}</ref>。为了在用户、厂商和开发者之间取得平衡，Node.js基金会于2015年初成立。基金会得到了IBM、Intel、微软、Joyent等公司的支持。6月，Node.js和io.js开发者社区共同决定合并到Node.js基金会之下<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2015/06/nodejs-foundation-advances-community-collaboration-announces-new|title=Node.js Foundation Advances Community Collaboration, Announces New Members and Ratified Technical Governance|publisher=|accessdate=4 July 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624075643/http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2015/06/nodejs-foundation-advances-community-collaboration-announces-new|archivedate=2015年6月24日}}</ref>。同年9月，Node 4.0发布，Node.js和io.js正式合并<ref name="#1">{{cite web|url=https://nodejs.org/en/blog/announcements/foundation-v4-announce/|title=Node.js Foundation Combines Node.js and io.js Into Single Codebase in New Release|publisher=|accessdate=28 Jan 2016|archive-date=2017-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107002048/https://nodejs.org/en/blog/announcements/foundation-v4-announce/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。4.0版引入了[[ES6]]的语言特性和“长期支持版本”的发布周期<ref name="#1"/>。到了2016年，io.js宣布不再发布新版本，并建议开发者换回Node.js<ref>[https://iojs.org/en/ Io.js, JavaScript I/O] {{Wayback|url=https://iojs.org/en/ |date=20161004160432 }} , ''"io.js has merged with the Node.js project again. There won't be any further io.js releases. All of the features in io.js are available in Node.js v4 and above."''</ref>。

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