编辑“︁Kickstarter”︁（章节）

==模型==
Kickstarter是一个绕过了传统投资渠道的，面对公众[[公众集资|募集]]小额资金的一个平台。<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/18/arts/artsspecial/18CROWD.html |title=Small Donations in Large Numbers, With Online Help |last=Villano |first=Matt |date=2010-03-14 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=2013-06-22 |archive-date=2020-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722205846/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/18/arts/artsspecial/18CROWD.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.technologyreview.com/web/26945/?a=f | title=Start me up | accessdate=2011-01-20 | author=Gould, Emily | publisher=[[MIT]] | newspaper=[[Technology Review]] | archive-date=2011-01-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117162350/http://www.technologyreview.com/web/26945/?a=f }}</ref>在该网站如果创建项目，需选择最后期限和最低资金为目标。如果目标在截止日期前没有被实现，则该网站会有一个退还募集资金的{{link-en|保证契约|Assurance contract|保证契约}}。<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/06/AR2010030602077.html |title=At Play: Kickstarter is a Web site for the starving artist |date=2010-03-07 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |last=Musgrove |first=Mike |accessdate=2013-06-22 |archive-date=2020-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722210101/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/06/AR2010030602077.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>捐赠者的钱透过{{link-en|亚马逊支付|Amazon Payments|亚马逊支付}}来实现。<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/04/business/04digi.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=You, Too, Can Bankroll a Rock Band |last=Stross |first=Randall |date=2010-04-02 |accessdate=2013-06-22 |archive-date=2020-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722210025/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/04/business/04digi.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>该平台对全世界各地的捐助者开放以及对美国和英国的创设者开放。<ref>{{cite news |url=http://gigaom.com/2012/10/10/kickstarter-starts-welcoming-uk-creators-with-projects-launching-oct-31/ |title=Kickstarter starts welcoming UK creators with projects launching Oct. 31 |date=2012-10-10 |work=[[GigaOM]] |accessdate=2013-06-22 |archive-date=2020-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006053146/https://gigaom.com/2012/10/10/kickstarter-starts-welcoming-uk-creators-with-projects-launching-oct-31/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>

Kickstarter收取募集资金5%的佣金。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kickstarter.com/help/faq/creators#WhatFeesDoesKickChar |title=Creators – Freuquently Asked Questions (FAQ) |publisher=Kickstarter.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-13 |archive-date=2012-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805042659/http://www.kickstarter.com/help/faq/creators#WhatFeesDoesKickChar |dead-url=no }}</ref>亚马逊收取额外的3～5%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kickstarter.com/help/faq/creators#DoesAmazCharAnyFees |title=Creators – Freuquently Asked Questions (FAQ) |publisher=Kickstarter.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-13 |archive-date=2012-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805042659/http://www.kickstarter.com/help/faq/creators#DoesAmazCharAnyFees |dead-url=no }}</ref>不像很多论坛的[[筹款]]或[[投资]]，Kickstarter声称对项目和他们生产的作品无所有权。在该网站上推出的项目都将被永久存档和向公众开放。募集资金完成后，项目和上载的媒体资料均不能被编辑或从网站上删除。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kickstarter.com/help/faq#CanAProjBeDele |title=Kickstarter.com FAQ |date=Retrieved 2010 |last=Official website |accessdate=2013-06-22 |archive-date=2012-09-17 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AjuJUsZU?url=http://www.kickstarter.com/help#CanAProjBeDele |dead-url=no }}</ref>

但谁也不能保证在Kickstarter上发布的项目的筹款将全部用于实现这项项目，或满足支持者的期望。捐助者们也没有办法直接确认该项目的情况，除非直接询问该项目的拥有者或者本身已被Kickstarter所提供的稍许品质控制。<ref name="Jelly">{{Cite web |url=http://www.betabeat.com/2012/03/15/jellyfish-tanks-funded-54-times-over-on-kickstarter-turn-out-to-be-jellyfish-death-traps/ |title=Adrianne Jeffries, "Jellyfish Tanks, Funded 54 Times Over on Kickstarter, Turn Out to Be Jellyfish Death Traps UPDATED", BetaBeat, March 15, 2012 |accessdate=2013-06-22 |archive-date=2012-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519034253/http://betabeat.com/2012/03/15/jellyfish-tanks-funded-54-times-over-on-kickstarter-turn-out-to-be-jellyfish-death-traps/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gizmodo.com/5897449/were-done-with-kickstarter |title=Joe Brown, "We're Done With Kickstarter", Gizmodo, March 29, 2012 |accessdate=2013-06-22 |archive-date=2019-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117224551/https://gizmodo.com/5897449/were-done-with-kickstarter |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gawker.com/5858118/end-online-panhandling-forever |title=Ryan Tate, "End Online Panhandling Forever!", Gawker, November 10, 2011 |accessdate=2013-06-22 |archive-date=2020-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815233004/https://gawker.com/5858118/end-online-panhandling-forever |dead-url=no }}</ref>Kickstarter建议赞助者们用自己的判断来支持一个项目。他们还警告项目的拥有者，如果未能兑现承诺将可能会被判处对赞助者进行[[损害赔偿]]。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kickstarter.com/help/faq?ref=footer#piIAmUnabToCompMyProjAsListWhatShouIDo |title=Kickstarter FAQ If I am unable to complete my project as listed, what should I do? |work=kickstarter.com |accessdate=2013-06-22 |archive-date=2011-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902031641/http://www.kickstarter.com/help/faq?ref=footer#piIAmUnabToCompMyProjAsListWhatShouIDo |dead-url=no }}</ref>项目也可以失败，即使在成功之后，由于创设者低估所需的总成本或技术上遇到难以克服的困难从而经费得到提高。<ref name="Jelly"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://148apps.biz/kickstarter-pros-and-cons/ |title=Kevin Stout, "Kickstarter, Pros and Cons", 148Apps.biz, April 23, 2012 |accessdate=2013-06-22 |archive-date=2014-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318122140/http://148apps.biz/kickstarter-pros-and-cons/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>

===项目===
在2012年6月21日， Kickstarter开始统计所发布的项目。<ref>{{cite web|last=Strickler|first=Yancey|title=Kickstarter Stats|url=http://www.kickstarter.com/blog/kickstarter-stats|accessdate=2013-06-22|archive-date=2020-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722210104/https://www.kickstarter.com/blog/kickstarter-stats|dead-url=no}}</ref>在2012年10月10日，该网站拥有73,620个启动项目（3,426个正在进行）成功率为43.85%，累计捐款资金达3.81亿美元。<ref name=KSStats>{{cite web|url=http://www.kickstarter.com/help/stats|title=Kickstarter Stats|publisher=Kickstarter|accessdate=2012-10-10|archive-date=2021-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204233949/https://www.kickstarter.com/help/stats|dead-url=no}}</ref>

在其早年的业务增长十分迅速。在2010年，Kickstarter就有3,910个成功项目，捐款27,638,318美元，项目的成功率为43%。在2011年，相应的数字分别为11,836，99,344,381美元和46%。<ref>"[http://www.kickstarter.com/blog/2011-the-stats 2011: The Stats] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kickstarter.com/blog/2011-the-stats |date=20200821064746 }}", January 9, 2012, Kickstarter.com, accessed February 3, 2012.</ref>

在2012年2月9日，Kickstarter的标志性事件发生。 为iPhone设计[[扩展坞]]的凯西·霍普金斯大学第一个Kickstarter项目就突破了百万美元的捐款。 几个小时后，一个电脑游戏开发商[[Double Fine Productions]]资助[[Broken Age|一个新的冒险游戏]]突破了相同的捐款额，在推出不到24小时的时间里完成了超过300万美元的捐款。<ref>[http://www.joystiq.com/2012/03/13/double-fine-kickstarter-hits-3-million-drive-closing-on-ustream/ "Double Fine Kickstarter hits 3 million, drive closing on Ustream"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2012/03/13/double-fine-kickstarter-hits-3-million-drive-closing-on-ustream/ |date=20120715093354 }}, [[Joystiq]], March 13, 2012, Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref>这也是Kickstarter首次单日募集超过一百万美元的捐款。<ref>Carl Franzen "[http://idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2012/02/kickstarters-double-million-dollar-day.php?ref=fpnewsfeed Crowd-Funding Website Kickstarter Has Double Million Dollar Day] {{Wayback|url=http://idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2012/02/kickstarters-double-million-dollar-day.php?ref=fpnewsfeed |date=20120214040452 }}", TPM, February 10, 2012, Retrieved February 11, 2012</ref>2012年5月18日，[[E-Paper Watch|Pebble: E-Paper Watch ]]募集总额为10,266,845美元，成为在Kickstarter历史中最多捐款的项目。<ref>{{cite web|title=Update #5: Most Funded Kickstarter Ever! Thank You!|url=http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/597507018/pebble-e-paper-watch-for-iphone-and-android/posts/209297|accessdate=2013-06-22|archive-date=2020-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030194857/https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/597507018/pebble-e-paper-watch-for-iphone-and-android/posts/209297|dead-url=no}}</ref>

在2012年7月，[[沃顿商学院]]的教授伊桑Mollick和Jeanne Pi进行一个如何有助于Kickstarter上的项目的成功或失败的研究。分析的结果标明，成功的一些关键下列因素有关：目标额的增加与成功率成负相关，有特色的项目有89%的成功率，相比较而言无特色的为30%，而那些平均为一万美元，为期30天的项目有35％的成功率，而其他因素不变，变为60天则成功率下降至29%。<ref>{{cite web|last=Mollick|first=Ethan|date=2012-07-15|title=The Dynamics of Crowdfunding: Determinants of Success and Failure|url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2088298|work=[[Social Science Research Network]]|accessdate=2013-06-22|archive-date=2020-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202044836/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2088298|dead-url=no}}</ref>

以下会列出Kickstarter的前十位项目募集资金。在成功的项目中，大多数是介于1,000美元到9999美元之间。在设计，游戏和技术类项目里，这些金额已下降至不到一半。然而，后两类的募集金额中位数仍然在四位数范围内。属于不同类别的项目成功率有很大的变化。超过三分之二的舞蹈项目已完成并取得成功。相比之下，只有不到30％的时装项目已完成并达到他们的目标。大多数失败的项目未能达到他们的目标的20％，而且这一趋势适用于所有的类别。事实上，能超过20％大关的项目中，有80％达到他们的目标。<ref name=KSStats />

===类别===
创设者将他们的项目分为15大类和36小类。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kickstarter.com/discover |title=Discover – Kickstarter |publisher=Kickstarter.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-20 |archive-date=2021-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206095219/https://www.kickstarter.com/discover |dead-url=no }}</ref> 他们是：艺术、漫画、手工艺、舞蹈、设计、时尚、影视、食物、游戏、新闻、音乐、摄影、出版、科技和戏剧。这些类别中，影视与音乐是最大的类别并吸引了大部份的捐助。这两类就占了Kickstarter的项目中的一半以上。如果算上游戏，则拥有超过一半的募捐。<ref name=KSStats />

===准则===
为了保持Kickstarter平台作为创新项目融资的焦点，所有项目创建者遵循以下三个准则：可以只有创设者捐助项目；项目必须符合这个网站的13大类别；创设者必须遵守该网站的禁止行为，包括慈善和宣传活动。Kickstarter的硬件和产品设计项目有额外的要求，包括：<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.crowdsourcing.org/editorial/kickstarter-bans-project-renderings-adds-risks-and-challenges-section-/19431 |title=Eric Blattberg, "Kickstarter Bans Project Renderings, Adds ‘Risks and Challenges’ Section, Crowdsourcing.org 21 September 2012 |accessdate=2013-06-22 |archive-date=2014-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017130707/http://www.crowdsourcing.org/editorial/kickstarter-bans-project-renderings-adds-risks-and-challenges-section-/19431 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://go.bloomberg.com/tech-deals/2012-09-06-after-raising-money-on-kickstarter-side-project-lands-another-3-million/ |title=Mark Milian, "After Raising Money on Kickstarter, Side Project Lands Another $3 million", Blomberg Tech Deals, 6 September 2012 |accessdate=2013-06-22 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006185443/http://go.bloomberg.com/tech-deals/2012-09-06-after-raising-money-on-kickstarter-side-project-lands-another-3-million/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* 禁止使用照片般逼真的效果图和模拟演示产品
* 限制对单个项目或对“一套想法”项目捐献的数额（例如，多个电灯泡的房子）
* 需要实物原型
* 需要制造计划
该准则旨在巩固Kickstarter的政策，即为人们所支持项目的完成而募集，而不是一个产品订货。Kickstarter同时强调了一个概念，即是一个项目属于创设者和募捐者属于共同协作，所有类别的项目都要描述创作过程中所面临的风险与挑战。这个项目的目标亦在教育公众并鼓励其对社会做贡献。<ref>{{cite web|title=Kickstarter Is Not a Store|url=http://www.kickstarter.com/blog/kickstarter-is-not-a-store|accessdate=2013-06-22|archive-date=2020-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209215420/https://www.kickstarter.com/blog/kickstarter-is-not-a-store|dead-url=no}}</ref>