编辑“︁捕食”︁（章节）

===依策略分类===
====伏击捕食====
[[File:Sydney-brown-trapdoor-spider 002.jpg|thumb|一只悉尼棕色暗门蛛（''Arbanitis rapax''）隐藏在洞穴内等待猎物]]
伏击捕食者通常利用[[伪装 (动物学)|伪装]]（[[保护色|迷彩]]和[[拟态]]）和隐蔽性（利用低光环境、或藏于周边的[[洞穴]]、[[植被]]和[[水体]]内）来缩短与猎物之间的距离（被动等待猎物靠近、用诱饵吸引猎物<ref name="MooreBiewener2015">{{cite journal | last1=Moore | first1=Talia Y. | last2=Biewener | first2=Andrew A. | title=Outrun or Outmaneuver: Predator–Prey Interactions as a Model System for Integrating Biomechanical Studies in a Broader Ecological and Evolutionary Context | journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology | date=2015 | doi=10.1093/icb/icv074 | url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/25858000/MooreICB2015_Preprint.pdf?sequence=1 | pmid=26117833 | volume=55 | issue=6 | pages=1188–97 | doi-access=free | access-date=2021-10-19 | archive-date=2021-10-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019064956/https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/25858000/MooreICB2015_Preprint.pdf?sequence=1 | dead-url=no }}</ref>、或悄悄主动靠近猎物），然后出其不意的突然发动爆发式攻击在短时间内擒杀目标<ref name=deVries>{{cite journal |author=deVries, M. S. |author2=Murphy, E. A. K. |author3=Patek S. N. |title=Strike mechanics of an ambush predator: the spearing mantis shrimp |year=2012 |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=215 |issue=Pt 24 |pages=4374–4384 |doi=10.1242/jeb.075317 |pmid=23175528|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="MooreBiewener2015"/>。绝大多数[[食肉动物|肉食性]]的[[无脊椎动物]]（包括[[螳螂]]、[[蜘蛛]]、[[蝎子]]、[[有爪动物]]、[[虾蛄]]、[[博比特虫]]、[[水母]]等）都是伏击捕食者 <ref name=deVries/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Liphistius |title=Trapdoor spiders |publisher=BBC |access-date=12 December 2014 |archive-date=2015-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101004738/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Liphistius |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_trapdoor_spider.php |access-date=12 December 2014 |title=Trapdoor spider |publisher=Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum |year=2014 |archive-date=2021-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103111017/http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_trapdoor_spider.php |dead-url=no }}</ref>，而[[脊椎动物]]中部分[[鱼类]]（比如[[扁鲨]]、[[狗鱼]]、[[梭鱼]]、[[鳗鱼]]、[[鮟鱇]]和[[拟蟾鱼]]等<ref name="MooreBiewener2015"/><ref name="WhosWho">{{cite web |url=http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?pid=1&id=87&cid=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518235841/http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?pid=1&id=87&cid=8 |archive-date=18 May 2007 |title=Cougar |website=Hinterland Who's Who |access-date=22 May 2007 |publisher=[[Canadian Wildlife Service]] and [[Canadian Wildlife Federation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pikes (Esocidae) |url=https://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/files/fw-pikes.pdf |publisher=Indiana Division of Fish and Wildlife |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=2021-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317141157/https://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/files/fw-pikes.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=fishes>{{cite web |last1=Bray |first1=Dianne |title=Eastern Frogfish, Batrachomoeus dubius |url=http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/2835 |website=Fishes of Australia |access-date=14 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914181407/http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/2835 |archive-date=14 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>）、[[蛙类]]、[[爬行动物]]（[[鳄类]]、[[蛇类]]、一些[[蜥蜴]]等）以及一些陆生[[哺乳动物]]（比如大部分[[猫科动物]]和[[熊]]类）也都采用伏击捕食。大部分伏击捕食者是单独行动的[[投機主義#生物机会主义|投机主义者]]，其中一些有较强的[[领域 (动物)|领地]]意识。

====截击捕食====
[[File:Chameleon gab fbi.png|thumb|[[变色龙]]使用弹出的舌头攻击猎物]]
[[File:Archer fish shooting at prey.ogv|thumb|[[射水鱼]]喷击目标]]
截击捕食者与伏击捕食者有些相似，都喜欢静静等待猎物出现。但与伏击捕食者不同的是，截击捕食者会短时间观察猎物的动态并预测其活动路线，估算出一个进行轨迹拦截的最佳方案，然后依此截杀目标<ref name="MooreBiewener2015"/>。因为捕食者需要预先花费时间进行谋划，猎物往往也有机会发现危险并寻机逃跑，比如一些蛙类就会等待蛇类开始攻击的时候才开始横向移动，让[[天敌]]没有时间重新调整进攻路线。比较出名的截击捕食者包括[[蜻蜓]]<ref name=Combes>{{cite journal | last1=Combes | first1=S. A. | last2=Salcedo | first2=M. K. | last3=Pandit | first3=M. M. | last4=Iwasaki | first4=J. M. | year=2013 | title=Capture Success and Efficiency of Dragonflies Pursuing Different Types of Prey | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_integrative-and-comparative-biology_2013-11_53_5/page/787 | journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology | volume= 53| issue=5| pages=787–798 | doi=10.1093/icb/ict072 | pmid=23784698| doi-access=free }}</ref>、[[豆娘]]、[[射水鱼]]（喷射水柱）、[[变色龙]]（弹出舌头）和一些[[游蛇]]<ref name="MooreBiewener2015"/>。

[[晚期智人|晚期]]和[[现代人|现代人类]][[猎手]]通常使用[[远射武器]]（[[枪械]]、[[弓]][[弩]]、[[弹弓]]，[[机弦]]、[[标枪]]等）捕杀[[猎物]]，因此也可以算是一种截击捕食者。

====追击捕食====
[[File:Cheetah chasing Thompsons gazelle (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[猎豹]]追击[[汤氏瞪羚]]]]
追击捕食者会主动对猎物进行追逐，主要依赖[[速度]]和[[耐力]]强行缩短与目标之间的距离并将其擒杀<ref name="MooreBiewener2015"/>。如果猎物做出躲闪动作，捕食者也必须在继续追逐的同时做出即时相应的反应防止猎物逃脱<ref name="MooreBiewener2015"/>。许多追击捕食者也会像伏击捕食者一样利用伪装悄悄靠近猎物，以便减少目标的反应空间并降低追逐时的难度和成本<ref name="MooreBiewener2015"/>。常见的追击捕食者包括[[犬科动物]]、[[鬣狗]]、[[猎豹]]、[[狮子]]、[[猛禽]]、以及[[海洋哺乳动物]]（比如[[海豚]]、[[虎鲸]]、[[鳍足类]]中的[[海豹]]和[[海狮]]）和许多掠食性鱼类（比如[[尖嘴鱼]]和[[金枪鱼]]）<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Gazda | first1=S. K. | last2=Connor | first2=R. C. | last3=Edgar | first3=R. K. | last4=Cox | first4=F. | year=2005 | title=A division of labour with role specialization in group-hunting bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) off Cedar Key, Florida | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society | volume=272 | issue=1559| pages=135–140 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2937 | pmid=15695203 | pmc=1634948}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tyus|first=Harold M.|title=Ecology and Conservation of Fishes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2fNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA233|year=2011|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-9759-1|page=233}}</ref>。许多追击捕食者（比如狮子和[[狼]]）会[[社会性 (动物学)|结群]]捕猎，用团队配合驱赶猎物[[兽群|集群]]并孤立出较慢较弱的个体，以便增加捕猎的成功率<ref name=LaffertyKuris2002/>。

[[File:Humpback lunge feeding.jpg|thumb|一对[[座头鲸]]進行冲刺式进食]]
有一种特殊的追击捕猎法是[[须鲸]]的冲刺式进食。这些大型海洋哺乳动物主要以[[浮游生物]]（特别是[[磷虾]]）为食，会根随浮游生物群的密度主动进行潜浮和游动，在追上目标后大张嘴连虾带水一同吞下，然后通过[[鲸须]]板将水滤出<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Goldbogen | first1=J. A. | last2=Calambokidis | first2=J. | last3=Shadwick | first3=R. E. | last4=Oleson | first4=E. M. | last5=McDonald | first5=M. A. | last6=Hildebrand | first6=J. A. | year=2006 | title=Kinematics of foraging dives and lunge-feeding in fin whales | url=http://cetus.ucsd.edu/Publications/Publications/GoldbogenJEB2006.pdf | journal=Journal of Experimental Biology | volume=209 | issue=7 | pages=1231–1244 | doi=10.1242/jeb.02135 | pmid=16547295 | s2cid=17923052 | doi-access=free | access-date=2021-10-19 | archive-date=2011-08-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092318/http://cetus.ucsd.edu/Publications/Publications/GoldbogenJEB2006.pdf | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Jon G. |last1=Sanders |first2=Annabel C. |last2= Beichman |first3=Joe |last3=Roman |first4=Jarrod J. |last4=Scott |first5=David |last5=Emerson |first6=James J. |last6=McCarthy |first7=Peter R. |last7=Girguis |year=2015 |title=Baleen whales host a unique gut microbiome with similarities to both carnivores and herbivores |journal=Nature Communications |volume=6 |pages=8285 | doi=10.1038/ncomms9285 |pmid=26393325 |pmc=4595633 |bibcode=2015NatCo...6.8285S}}</ref>。

=====耐力捕食=====
[[File:Wild Dog Kruger National Park South Africa.jpg|thumb|[[非洲野犬]]是一种用耐力追击的捕食者]]
另外一种比较特殊的追击捕猎方式是耐力捕猎——也称穷追捕猎，偏重于用长时间难以摆脱的跟踪骚扰让猎物无法休息，直至目标因为[[疲劳]]或[[高热]]丧失行动能力为止。使用这种捕猎法比较有名的动物包括[[史前]][[人属|人类]]（见[[耐力跑假说]]）和[[非洲野犬]]，其中非洲野犬常常能用中低速尾随数英里捕杀比自己体型大得多的猎物<ref name="HubelMyattJordanDewhirst2016">{{cite journal | last1=Hubel | first1=Tatjana Y. | last2=Myatt | first2=Julia P. | last3=Jordan | first3=Neil R. | last4=Dewhirst | first4=Oliver P. | last5=McNutt | first5=J. Weldon | last6=Wilson | first6=Alan M. | title=Energy cost and return for hunting in African wild dogs | journal=Nature Communications | volume=7 | date=2016-03-29 | doi=10.1038/ncomms11034 | pmid=27023457 | pmc=4820543 | page=11034 |quote= Cursorial hunting strategies range from one extreme of transient acceleration, power and speed to the other extreme of persistence and endurance with prey being fatigued to facilitate capture.Dogs and humans are considered to rely on endurance rather than outright speed and manoeuvrability for success when hunting cursorially.}}</ref>，捕食成功率超过60%甚至能达到90%<ref>Schaller, George B. (1973). ''Golden Shadows, Flying Hooves''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 277. {{ISBN|978-0-394-47243-0}}.</ref>，远高于体能远强于自己的狮子（27～30%）和鬣狗（25～30%）<ref>{{cite web|date=18 June 2014|title=Facts on the African wild dog|url=http://goodnature.nathab.com/ten-facts-about-the-african-wild-dog/|access-date=14 March 2019|website=goodnature.nathab.com/|archive-date=2019-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173802/http://goodnature.nathab.com/ten-facts-about-the-african-wild-dog|dead-url=no}}</ref>，虽然经常会被后两者抢走猎物<ref>{{cite journal |volume=1 |issue=1 |title=Six ecological factors that may limit African wild dogs, ''Lycaon pictus'' |year=1998 |journal=Animal Conservation |pages=1–9 |last1=Creel |first1=S. |last2=Marusha Creel |first2=N. |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1795.1998.tb00220.x |doi-access=free }}</ref>。

====蛋捕食====
蛋捕食也称卵捕食或偷蛋，指动物主动寻找并食用其它[[卵生动物]]尚未孵化的[[卵]]/[[蛋]]内[[胚胎]]的行为，通常形式是捕食者在目标的繁殖季趁着[[成体]]动物不在场的情况下盗食留在[[巢穴]]或[[产卵]]地范围内没有任何保护的卵。因为每个卵都是一个尚处无移动能力的特定[[生物生命周期|生命周期]]的动物个体，所以食卵可以算是一种乘虚而入的捕食行为。

食卵行为在动物界并不罕见，在[[节肢动物]]、[[鱼类]]、[[爬行类]]（特别是[[蛇类]]）、[[鸟类]]和[[哺乳类]]中都有存在，总体来说会降低受害物种的[[演化]][[适应度]]<ref name="Hanssen Erikstad 2012"/>。许多[[入侵物种]]造成的[[原生种|本地物种]][[濒危]]也是通过食卵造成的。