编辑“︁仰光”︁（章节）

== 歷史 ==

===早期歷史===
仰光於11世紀初（約1028-1043年）由當時居住在[[下緬甸]]的[[孟族]]建立，當時名為大光。<ref>Founded during the reign of King Pontarika, per {{cite book |title=Legendary History of Burma and Arakan |url=https://archive.org/details/legendaryhistor00smitgoog |year=1882 |author=Charles James Forbes Smith-Forbes |publisher=The Government Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/legendaryhistor00smitgoog/page/n30 20]}};the king's reign was 1028 to 1043 per {{cite book |last=Harvey |first=G. E. |title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |year=1925 |location=London |page=368}}</ref>從14世紀[[勃固王朝]]時期開始，大光就成為一個重要的朝聖城鎮。大光的著名統治者包括從1364年至1392年統治該鎮的{{le|瑪哈德威公主|Maha Dewi of Hanthawaddy}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Razadarit Ayedawbon (in Burmese) (8th printing, 2005 ed.) |last=Pan Hla |first=Nai |publisher=Armanthit Sarpay | orig-year=1968 |year=2005 |location=Yangon |pages=54}}</ref>和她的侄孫女[[信紹布]]，後者後來成為緬甸歷史上唯一一位女王。<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/newuniversalgaze00morsrich |title=A new universal gazetteer, or geographical dictionary .. |last1=Morse |first1=Jedidiah |last2=Morse |first2=Richard C. (Richard Cary) |last3=Converse |first3=S. |date=1823 |publisher=New Haven, S. Converse |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9463 |title=History of Burma: from the earliest times to March 1824 |last=Harvey |first=G. E. |date=1925}}</ref>

1755年，[[貢榜王朝]]的開國君主[[雍笈牙]]攻占了大光，擴張了城市的規模，並將大光改名為「仰光」。大約在1790年代左右，[[英国东印度公司|東印度公司]]在仰光開設了一家工廠。1823年仰光的人口估計約為3萬人。<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee21grea |title=Imperial gazetteer of India .. |last1=Great Britain. India Office |last2=Hunter |first2=William Wilson |last3=Cotton |first3=James Sutherland |last4=Burn |first4=Richard |last5=Meyer |first5=William Stevenson |date=1907 |publisher=Oxford : Clarendon Press |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>[[英國]]在[[第一次英緬戰爭]]期間佔領了仰光，但戰後將該城市歸還給緬甸統治，該城後於1841年毀於一場大火。<ref name="mcy">{{Cite book |title=Megacity yangon: transformation processes and modern developments |author=Kyaw Kyaw |isbn=978-3-8258-0042-0 |editor1=Frauke Krass |editor2=Hartmut Gaese |editor3=Mi Mi Kyi |pages=333–334 |publisher=Lit Verlag |location=Berlin |year=2006}}</ref>

=== 殖民時期（1852—1948） ===
1852年，英國在[[第二次英緬戰爭]]中佔領了仰光和整個下緬甸，隨後將仰光轉變為[[英屬緬甸]]的商業和政治中心。戰後，英國人將英屬緬甸的首都從[[毛淡棉]]遷至仰光。<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3578993.stm |title=BBC NEWS {{!}} Asia-Pacific {{!}} Burma maintains bygone buildings |publisher=BBC |access-date=2017-07-27 |date=2004-03-30 |archive-date=2008-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408162817/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3578993.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/moulmein-first-british-capital-of-myanmar-back-on-the-tourist-map/article5000457.ece |title=Moulmein, first British capital of Myanmar, back on the tourist map |work=The Hindu |access-date=2017-07-27 |archive-date=2017-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191612/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/moulmein-first-british-capital-of-myanmar-back-on-the-tourist-map/article5000457.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>英國人計畫在三角洲上建造一座棋盤狀城市，東面緊鄰{{le|帕尊當溪|Pazundaung Creek}}，西南邊則緊鄰[[仰光河]]，由當時陸軍工程師亞歷山大·弗雷澤中尉（Lt. Alexander Fraser）設計規劃。1885年，英國於[[第三次英緬戰爭]]佔領[[上緬甸]]，仰光成為緬甸唯一的政治中心。1890年代起，仰光人口不斷增長，商業活動日漸發達，城北臨{{le|皇家湖|Kandawgyi Lake}}和[[茵雅湖]]的地方建成大片[[郊區]]住宅區。<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web |url=http://www.bookrags.com/Yangon |title=Yangon Summary Review and Analysis |publisher=Bookrags.com |date=2005-10-17 |access-date=2010-04-17 |archive-date=2006-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128201939/http://www.bookrags.com/Yangon |url-status=dead }}</ref>英國人還建立了{{le|仰光總醫院|Yangon General Hospital}}和[[仰光大學]]。

仰光也是[[1857年印度起義]]後，英國人將[[蒙兀兒帝國]]末代皇帝[[巴哈杜爾·沙二世]]流放的地方。<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering the last Mughal emperor |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41884390 |website=BBC |access-date=2021-06-11 |date=2017-11-08 |archive-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611032521/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41884390 |url-status=live }}</ref>

殖民時期的仰光擁有面積廣大的公園和湖泊，城市裡新建的現代建築與傳統木造建築交相輝映，因此被譽為「東方花園城市」。<ref name="autogenerated4" />到20世紀初，仰光的公共服務和基礎建設能與倫敦相媲美。<ref name="arc">{{Cite book |last=Falconer |first=John |year=2001 |title=Burmese Design & Architecture |isbn=978-962-593-882-0 |publisher=Periplus |location=Hong Kong|display-authors=etal}}</ref>到了二戰前夕，仰光50萬人口中約有55%是[[印度人]]或[[南亞裔]]，只有約三分之一是[[緬人]]。<ref name=tmmt>{{Cite book |title=Indian Communities in south-east Asia – Some Aspects of Indians in Rangoon |last=Tin Maung Maung Than |publisher=Institute of south-east Asian Studies |year=1993 |pages=585–587 |isbn=9789812304186}}</ref>其他族群則有[[克倫族]]、[[中國人]]、[[英緬混血兒]]等。

[[第一次世界大戰]]後，仰光成為[[緬甸獨立運動]]的中心，主要由仰光大學的[[左翼]]學生領導這場運動。1920年、1936年和1938年三次反對英國統治的全國性罷工都是先從仰光開始的。1930年5月5日，缅甸的[[勃固]]地区发生了一场規模7.0的地震，虽当时仰光的人口只有40万，但也导致了仰光有50人丧生<ref>{{Cite web|title=缅甸启动仰光地震灾害评估工作|url=https://unhabitat.org/cn/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E5%90%AF%E5%8A%A8%E4%BB%B0%E5%85%89%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C|accessdate=2020-11-12|author=|date=|format=|publisher=联合国人居署|language=zh|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112150558/https://unhabitat.org/cn/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E5%90%AF%E5%8A%A8%E4%BB%B0%E5%85%89%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C|archivedate=2020-11-12|dead-url=no}}</ref>，同年初还发生了[[1930年仰光騷亂|1930年仰光骚乱]]。

二戰爆發後，日軍於1942年3月8日占領仰光，仰光也在戰爭期間遭受嚴重破壞。1945年5月，[[同盟國 (第二次世界大戰)|盟軍]]收復仰光。1948年1月4日，緬甸獨立，仰光成為[[緬甸聯邦]]的首都。<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grace|first=John D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0YfDgAAQBAJ|title=Heads of State and Government|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|year=2017|isbn=9781349657711|pages=606}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Yangon Rangoon and Environ map 1911.jpg|仰光地圖，繪於1911年，可见方格形布局的[[仰光市中心]]
File:RangoonCityHall.jpg|[[仰光市政厅]]
File:RangoonUniversityAuditorium.jpg|[[仰光大学]]
File:Burmese musicians at the Shwedagon Pagoda.jpg|大金塔的缅族艺人，摄于1895年
File:Public Gardens, Rangoon.jpg|1868年軍營花園一景，远处可见大金塔。現為甘杜敏公园（Kantawmin Park）
File:RangoonStreetView.jpg|仰光市區在二戰期间嚴重受损
</gallery>

=== 獨立後 ===
1948年，缅甸独立，继续以仰光为首都，并将殖民时代的英文街道、公园名改为缅文。缅甸独立后，城区多数南亚裔、欧洲裔和[[英缅混血儿]]居民逐年迁离<ref name=tmmt/>。仰光继续为缅甸的经济中心。1989年，缅甸[[国家和平与发展委员会]]宣布将仰光的英文拼写改为“Yangon”<ref>{{cite news |department=Who, What, Why? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7013943.stm |title=Should it be Burma or Myanmar? |work=BBC News |date=2007-09-26 |access-date=2010-04-17 |archive-date=2009-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131232458/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7013943.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35910.htm |title=Background Note: Burma |publisher=Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, US Department of State |access-date=2009-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194342/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35910.htm |archive-date=2017-01-22 }}</ref>。
[[File:2021 Myanmar Protest in Hleden.jpg|left|[[2021年緬甸軍事政變]]后，仰光街头爆发示威|thumb]]
仰光城区逐步向近郊扩展，并由政府主导开发卫星城镇，50年代建有[[打基达镇区]]、[[北奥格拉巴镇区]]、[[南奥格拉巴镇区]]，80年代建有[[萊達雅鎮區]]、[[瑞必達鎮區]]、[[德贡谬迪南镇区]]<ref name=mcy/>。[[奈温]]执政时期（1962年–1988年），仰光人口快速增长，但基础设施修缮不力，难以承担人口压力。90年代，缅甸政府实施开放的市场政策，仰光迎来大量新投资，城市设施亦得到更新，建成高层酒店、办公楼、商场，及六座桥梁、五条高速公路<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.myanmar.com/myanmartimes/MyanmarTimes17-333/b006.htm |title=Pioneering FMI City 'the best in Yangon' |author=Zaw Htet |work=The Myanmar Times |access-date=2008-09-07 |archive-date=2006-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114013535/http://www.myanmar.com/myanmartimes/MyanmarTimes17-333/b006.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cemm/eng/zt/zmjjqd/jmgxgk/t198979.htm |title=Yangon-Thanlyin Bridge |access-date=2008-09-07}}{{Dead link|date=July 2009}}</ref><ref name="ngamoeyeik">{{Cite news |url=http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Perspective/persp2001/2-2001/nga.htm |title=Ngamoeyeik Bridge |author=Kyi Kyi Hla |date=2001-02-01 |access-date=2008-09-07 |archive-date=2009-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119074811/http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Perspective/persp2001/2-2001/nga.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>。部分城区居民也被迁移至卫星城镇<ref name="beyondrangoon">{{cite magazine |title=Beyond Rangoon |url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=5745&page=3 |date=2006-05-01 |author=Edward Blair |magazine=The Irrawaddy |access-date=2008-08-30 |archive-date=2010-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004130347/http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=5745&page=3 }}</ref>。1996年，仰光市政府公布{{tsl|en|Yangon City Heritage List|仰光城市遗产名录}}，列入200座左右需保护的殖民时代建筑<ref>{{Cite news |title=Special Report |url=http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/myanmartimes/no87/New/14.htm |date=2001-11-04 |access-date=2008-08-30 |archive-date=2007-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822213342/http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/myanmartimes/no87/New/14.htm }}</ref>。

仰光作为缅甸政治中心，亦是大大小小示威运动的中心，且有数次激烈的流血对抗，如{{tsl|en|U Thant funeral crisis|吴丹葬礼危机|1974年吴丹葬礼示威}}、[[8888民主運動|1988年8888民主運動]]<ref>{{cite web |title=How a Failed Democracy Uprising Set the Stage for Myanmar's Future |url=https://time.com/5360637/myanmar-8888-uprising-30-anniversary-democracy/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |date=2018-08-08 |archive-date=2020-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919162950/https://time.com/5360637/myanmar-8888-uprising-30-anniversary-democracy/ |url-status=live}}</ref>、[[2007年緬甸反軍政府示威|2007年反軍政府示威]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Myanmar's Saffron Revoulution: 10 Years Later |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/special/saffron/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |date=2017-04-22 |archive-date=2021-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529032745/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/special/saffron/ |url-status=live}}</ref>、[[2021年缅甸反军事政变示威|2021年反军事政变示威]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-14 |title=Myanmar protests: Demonstrators killed in bloody Yangon crackdown |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56395085 |access-date=2023-08-22 |archive-date=2023-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914112724/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56395085 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2021-03-27 |title=Myanmar: more than 90 reported killed on 'day of shame' for armed forces |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/27/myanmar-military-protesters-shot-armed-forces-day |access-date=2023-08-22 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=2023-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822071408/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/27/myanmar-military-protesters-shot-armed-forces-day |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Anti-coup mass protests take place in cities across Myanmar |url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/anti-coup-mass-protests-take-place-in-cities-across-myanmar/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=Myanmar Now |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822113922/https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/anti-coup-mass-protests-take-place-in-cities-across-myanmar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>。1983年，[[北韓]]特務在仰光發動[[仰光爆炸事件|炸彈攻擊事件]]，导致21人丧命，包括韩国一名副总理和三名部长，導致北韓與緬甸斷交。8888民主运动期间有大量市民伤亡，死亡人数按不同调查源有350至10000人不等。2005年5月7日，仰光发生连环爆炸案，11人丧命，162人受伤<ref>{{cite web |website=Writing.com |url=http://www.writing.com/main/view_item/item_id/1030057 |title=Bomb blast in Yangon, Myanmar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927100426/http://www.writing.com/main/view_item/item_id/1030057 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2021-06-11 |author1=LostWord |url-status=live |date=2005 }}</ref>。2007年示威期间爆发大规模枪战，亦有数千名僧侣上街游行<ref>Burmese Human Rights Yearbook, 2007, http://www.burmalibrary.org/show.php?cat=1320&lo=d&sl=0 {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019065257/http://burmalibrary.org/show.php?cat=1320&lo=d&sl=0 |date=2012-10-19 }}</ref>。

2005年11月，缅甸政府正式迁都至仰光以北320公里的[[奈比多]]。

2008年5月，[[气旋纳尔吉斯]]吹袭仰光，仰光四分之三的工業基礎設施遭到毁坏，損失估計達8億美元<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/no427/b004.htm |title=Long road back for industrial recovery |date=2008-07-14 |author=Ye Lwin |work=The Myanmar Times |access-date=2008-07-26 |archive-date=2011-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430045910/http://www.mmtimes.com/no427/b004.htm }}</ref>。

2020年后，[[2019冠狀病毒病緬甸疫情|冠狀病毒病疫情]]和[[2021年緬甸軍事政變|军事政变]]造成乱局，政府实行封锁措施及[[宵禁]]。仰光经济亦受到极大打击，陷入萧条<ref name="a-65105276">{{Cite web |title=Life in Myanmar's Yangon after COVID and a coup |date=2023-03-24 |first1=Michael |last1=Kemp |url=https://www.dw.com/en/life-in-myanmars-yangon-after-covid-and-a-coup/a-65105276 |access-date=2023-08-22 |website= DW |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408124325/https://www.dw.com/en/life-in-myanmars-yangon-after-covid-and-a-coup/a-65105276 |url-status=live }}</ref>。如今的仰光仍难以维持如全日供电及定期垃圾清理等基础市政服务。