编辑“︁豹”︁（章节）

== 亚种 ==
从18世纪的[[林奈]]开始，直到20世纪初的[[雷金納德·英尼斯·波科克|波科克]]，过去动物学家根据[[动物形态学|形态学]]而命名的豹[[亚种]]多达27个。然而，直到近年的分子遗传学研究，1996年Miththapala等人确立了其中8个亚种为有效，<ref name=Miththapala>{{en}} {{cite journal | last =Miththapala | first =Sriyanie | coauthors =Seidensticker, John; O'Brien, Stephen J. | title =Phylogeographic Subspecies Recognition in Leopards (''P. pardus''): Molecular Genetic Variation. | journal =''Conservation Biology'' | volume =10 | issue =4 | pages =1115–1132 | id = | url =http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x | accessdate =2010-04-23 | doi =10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x | date =August 1996 | author = | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20181215174900/http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x | archive-date =2018-12-15 | dead-url =yes }}</ref>2001年Uphyrina等人<ref name=Uphyrkina>{{en}} {{cite journal | last =Uphyrkina | first =O. | coauthors =Johnson, E.W.; et al. | title =Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, ''Panthera pardus'' | journal =''Molecular Ecology'' | volume =10 | issue =11 | pages =2617–2633 | url =http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x?cookieSet=1 | accessdate =2010-04-23 | doi =10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x | pmid =11883877 | date =2001年11月 | archive-date =2023-03-07 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20230307081546/http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x?cookieSet=1 | dead-url =yes }}</ref>又进一步添加了一个（[[阿拉伯豹]]）总共9个有效[[亚种]]。

=== 分类 ===
在目前9个被[[国际自然保护联盟]]承认的亚种之中有5个被评为“受威胁”。<ref name=iucn/>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#006f6f;"
!style="width: 100px;" |亚种
!style="width: 120px;" |学名及作者
!style="width: 200px;" | 分布
!style="width: 250px;" | 描述
!style="width: 70px;" |保护状况
|-
|'''[[远东豹]]'''<br/>''[[文件:Amur Leopard (P.p. amurensis).jpg|150 px]]
|P. p. orientalis''<br/>[[Schlegel]], 1857
|俄罗斯远东南部和中国东北。[[朝鲜半岛]]的种群数量目前无法考证<ref>{{Cite book | title = Amur Leopard and Tiger Conservation | url = http://www.tigrisfoundation.nl/cms/publish/content/downloaddocument.asp?document_id=5& | author = Michiel Hötte | page = 34,35,36,37 | language = en | date = September 2003 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070717183041/http://www.tigrisfoundation.nl/cms/publish/content/downloaddocument.asp?document_id=5 | archivedate = 2007年7月17日 | df =  | access-date = 2014年2月12日 }}</ref>
|唯一一種適應雪域生存環境的豹种（Panthera pardus），毛皮厚实，颜色浅。中国新闻里称之“东北豹”。<ref name=dbbao1>{{Cite web | title= 黑龙江发布珍稀物种野生东北豹高清影像 | url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/tech/2013-12/28/c_125926589.htm | language= zh-hans | location= China | date= 2013-12-28 | publisher= 新华网 | deadurl= yes | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140210221714/http://news.xinhuanet.com/tech/2013-12/28/c_125926589.htm | archivedate= 2014-02-10 | access-date= 2014-02-12 }}</ref>雄性约重32到48公斤，雌性约重25到43公斤。<ref>{{Cite web | title = Amur leopard fact file | url = http://www.arkive.org/amur-leopard/panthera-pardus-orientalis/ | language = en | access-date = 2014-02-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140303173949/http://www.arkive.org/amur-leopard/panthera-pardus-orientalis/ | archive-date = 2014-03-03 | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
|<center>极危<ref name=iucn/></center>
|-
|'''[[非洲豹]]'''<br/>[[文件:Namibie Etosha Leopard 01edit.jpg |150 px]]
|''P. p. pardus''<br/>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
|非洲撒哈拉以南除去荒漠的雨林，山地及干燥气候地区<ref name=aflpd>{{Cite book | title = The Leopard Panthera pardus in Africa | url = https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/edocs/Mono-005.pdf | author = NORMAN MYERS | language = en | year = 1976 | location = 瑞士 | page = 11 | access-date = 2014-02-12 | archive-date = 2014-02-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222143147/https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/edocs/Mono-005.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
|最具代表性的豹种，适应力强，可以生存在任何年降水量大于50毫升的地区。<ref name=aflpd/><br>并入了旧分类亚种[[桑给巴尔豹]]（''P. p. adersi''）和[[北非豹]]（''P. p. panthera''）。
|<center>近危</center>
|-
|'''[[华北豹]]'''<br/>[[文件:Panthera pardus japonensis JdP.jpg |150 px]]
|''P. p. japonensis''<br/>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1862
|中国华北，河南、河北、山西、甘肃东南部、陕西北部<ref name= hbbao1>{{Cite web | title = 华北豹 North China Leopard | url = http://www.iltaw.com/animals_detail_type_introduction_id_842 | language = zh-hans | location = China | author =  | access-date = 2014-02-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140221215117/http://www.iltaw.com/animals_detail_type_introduction_id_842 | archive-date = 2014-02-21 | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
|中国特有豹种。身上黑色斑环间隔较宽颜色较深，有斑点落于斑环内部，这个特点有别于其他豹亚种。<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://biggame.iza-yoi.net/predator/leopard/Amur_leopard.html| title = アムールヒョウとキタシナヒョウ| language = ja| accessdate = 2014-02-12| archive-date = 2014-02-21| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140221230622/http://biggame.iza-yoi.net/predator/leopard/Amur_leopard.html| dead-url = no}}</ref>
|<center>濒危</center>
|-
|'''[[印度花豹]]'''<br/>[[文件:Leopard on a horizontal tree trunk.jpg |150 px]]
|''P. p. fusca''<br/>[[Friedrich Albrecht Anton Meyer|Meyer]], 1794
|印度，尼泊尔，不丹，孟加拉国和巴基斯坦的一部分地区<ref name = indis>{{Cite web | title = SUBSPECIES : Indian Leopard | url = http://tigertribe.net/leopard-a-spotted-predator/indian-leopard/ | author = Tiger Tribe | access-date = 2014-02-12 | archive-date = 2021-04-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210426074705/http://tigertribe.net/leopard-a-spotted-predator/indian-leopard/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>
|印度次大陆上最常见的大型猫科动物。
|<center>易危</center>
|-
|'''[[波斯豹]]'''<br/>[[File:Panthera pardus saxicolor, Zoo Hannover, Mai 2006.jpg |150 px]]
|''P. p. saxicolor''<br/>[[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1927<ref>{{Cite web | title = Panthera pardus ssp. saxicolor | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15961/0 | language = en | accessdate = 2014-02-13 | archive-date = 2014-10-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141028043758/http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15961/0 | dead-url = no }}</ref><br/>或者{{notetag | 1=根据国际自然保护联盟的濒危物种红色名录记载，这两个在不同时间由不同人物根据从不同地区取得的标本提出的学名（Panthera pardus saxicolor和Panthera pardus ciscaucasica）目前被认为是同义词，指的是同一个亚种的动物。}}<br>''P. p. ciscaucasica''<br/>[[Konstantin Alekseevich Satunin|Satunin]], 1914<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Taxonomic status of the leopard, Panthera pardus(Carnivora, Felidae) in the Caucasus and adjacent areas | url = http://wild-cat.org/pardus/infos/Khorozyan2006Leopard-taxonomy.pdf | author = I.G. Khorozyan, G.F. Baryshnikov, A.V. Abramov | publisher = Russian Journal of Theriology | date = Jan 2006 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232940/http://wild-cat.org/pardus/infos/Khorozyan2006Leopard-taxonomy.pdf | archivedate = 2016-03-03 | access-date = 2014-02-13 }}</ref>
|伊朗，亚美尼亚，阿富汗，高加索山地区<ref name=perlpd01>{{Cite journal | title = The Persian Leopard Prowls Its Way to Survival | url = http://wild-cat.org/pardus/infos/Khorozyan+al2005-PersianLeopardSurvival.pdf | author = Igor Khorozyan, Alexander Malkhasyan, Shushanik Asmaryan | year = 2005 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130703190156/http://wild-cat.org/pardus/infos/Khorozyan+al2005-PersianLeopardSurvival.pdf | archivedate = 2013-07-03 | access-date = 2014-02-12 }}</ref><ref name=perlpd02>{{Cite web | title = Persian Leopard facts | url = http://www.redorbit.com/education/reference_library/animal_kingdom/mammalia/1112754976/persian-leopard-panthera-pardus-ciscaucasica/ | access-date = 2014-02-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222225120/http://www.redorbit.com/education/reference_library/animal_kingdom/mammalia/1112754976/persian-leopard-panthera-pardus-ciscaucasica/ | archive-date = 2014-02-22 | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
|体型较大，毛色较浅。雄性体重37到90公斤，雌性体重28到60公斤，头身总长91至191厘米。<ref>{{Cite web | title = Persian leopard fact file | url = http://www.arkive.org/persian-leopard/panthera-pardus-saxicolor/ | language = en | access-date = 2014-02-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180331003654/http://www.arkive.org/persian-leopard/panthera-pardus-saxicolor/ | archive-date = 2018-03-31 | dead-url = yes }}</ref>主要捕食[[西方狍|狍]]，[[鹅喉羚]]。[[盘羊|大角羊]]等有蹄类动物。<ref name=perlpd02/><br>并入了旧分类亚种[[西奈豹]]（''P. p. jarvisi''）和[[小亚细亚豹]]（''P. p. tulliana''）。
|<center>濒危<ref name=iucn/></center>
|-
|'''[[阿拉伯豹]]'''<br/>[[文件:PikiWiki Israel 14861 judean desert leopard.JPG |150 px]]
|''P. p. nimr''<br/>[[Wilhelm Hemprich|Hemprich]], [[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg|Ehrenberg]], 1833
|以色列，约旦，<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Critically Endangered Arabian leopards Panthera pardus nimr in Israel: estimating population parameters using molecular scatology | url = http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=467935 | author = Inbar Perez, Eli Geffen, Ofer Mokady | doi = 10.1017/S0030605306000846 | location = Israel | date = July 2006 | access-date = 2014-02-12 | archive-date = 2016-08-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160826183614/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=467935 | dead-url = no }}</ref>沙特阿拉伯，也门，阿曼<ref name= aralpd01>{{Cite journal | title = Distribution and conservation of the Arabian Leopard Panthera pardus nimr in Saudi Arabia | url = http://www.yemenileopard.org/files/cms/reports/Distribution_and_Conservation_of_the_Arabian_Leopard_in_Saudi_Arabia.pdf | author = A.M.H. Al-Johany | publisher = Elsevier Ltd | date = 2006-07-07 | location = Saudi Arabia | access-date = 2014-02-12 | archive-date = 2021-04-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210410001724/http://www.yemenileopard.org/files/cms/reports/Distribution_and_Conservation_of_the_Arabian_Leopard_in_Saudi_Arabia.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref>
|体型较小，雄性体重约30公斤，雌性约20公斤，头身总长度130厘米左右。<ref>{{Cite web | title = Arabian leopard fact file | url = http://www.arkive.org/arabian-leopard/panthera-pardus-nimr/ | language = en | access-date = 2014-02-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171117000212/http://www.arkive.org/arabian-leopard/panthera-pardus-nimr/ | archive-date = 2017-11-17 | dead-url = yes }}</ref>几乎所有种群都栖息在海拔1000米左右的偏远崎岖山地或高原上。没有在树上储藏猎物的习惯。<ref name=aralpd01/>因为样本数量小，该亚种的确定有待更多验证。<ref name=iucn/>
|<center>极危<ref name=iucn/></center>
|-
|'''[[斯里兰卡豹]]'''<br/>[[文件:Slleo1.jpg |150 px]]
|''P. p. kotiya''<br/>[[Paules Edward Pieris Deraniyagala|Deraniyagala]], 1956
|斯里兰卡
|分布在斯里兰卡的亚种，是岛上的顶级掠食者。体型和别的豹亚种相比较大，雄性体重平均约56公斤，雌性平均约29公斤。<ref>{{Cite web | title = Sri Lankan leopard fact file | url = http://www.arkive.org/sri-lankan-leopard/panthera-pardus-kotiya/ | language = en | access-date = 2014-02-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110428033100/http://www.arkive.org/sri-lankan-leopard/panthera-pardus-kotiya/ | archive-date = 2011-04-28 | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
|<center>濒危<ref name=iucn/></center>
|-
|'''[[爪哇豹]]'''<br/>[[文件:Zoo015.jpg |100 px]]
|''P. p. melas''<br/>[[Georges Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1809
|爪哇岛的雨林和山地<ref name = javal/>
|也叫印尼豹。体型较小，黑化个体数量较多，<ref>{{Cite web| title = Taxonomic uniqueness of the Javan Leopard| url = http://wild-cat.org/pardus/leopards/index.htm?javan-leopards-unique.htm| language = en| accessdate = 2014-02-13| author = | location = Indonesia| archive-date = 2021-04-10| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210410001743/http://wild-cat.org/pardus/leopards/index.htm?javan-leopards-unique.htm| dead-url = no}}</ref>主要捕食岛上的[[赤麂]]，[[鼠]]，[[蝙蝠]]，[[猴]]，[[野猪]]等动物。<ref name=javal>{{Cite journal| title = STATUS OF THE LEOPARD (Pantherapardus) IN JAVA, INDONESIA| url = http://wild-katze.org/pardus/infos/Santiapillai+al1992-status-leopard-Java.pdf| author = CharlesS antiapillai, Widodo SukohadRi amono| access-date = 2014-02-12| archive-date = 2016-03-04| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304232123/http://wild-katze.org/pardus/infos/Santiapillai+al1992-status-leopard-Java.pdf| dead-url = yes}}</ref>由于样本数量较小，这种亚种的确定有待更多验证。<ref name=iucn/>
|<center>极危<ref name=iucn/></center>
|-
|'''[[印度支那豹]]'''<br/>[[文件:Indochinese leopard.jpg |150 px]]
|''P. p. delacouri''<br/>[[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1930
|缅甸，泰国，马来西亚，老挝，柬埔寨，越南以及中国西南
|东南亚豹，在中国也叫华南豹。
|<center>易危</center>
|}

=== 欧洲豹 ===
学名''P. p. sickenbergi''，分布于[[欧洲]]，生存于[[更新世]]，已灭绝的史前豹亚种。<ref>{{Cite web | title = Europe, where the sabre-tooths, lions and leopards are | url = http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2008/03/12/european-cats-part-i/ | author = Darren Naish | date = 2008-03-12 | language = en | access-date = 2014-02-13 | archive-date = 2021-04-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210426074815/https://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2008/03/12/european-cats-part-i | dead-url = no }}</ref>

[[文件: Black Panther.JPG|thumb|right|300px|黑豹]]
=== 黑豹 ===
[[黑豹]]并不是一个单独的物种或者亚种。黑豹指的是体内黑化[[隐性基因]]呈[[显性]]而全身呈现黑色的豹。黑豹幼崽和普通颜色的幼崽有可能混杂在同一胎中出生。和一般的豹子黄色的眼睛不同，黑豹的眼睛常为灰绿色，身上的斑点和斑圈透过黑色的皮毛仍然隐约可见。虽然黑豹的颜色会使它看上去与众不同，但是在夜间捕食时全身黑色反而会是一个优势。<ref>{{Cite web | title = PANTHER | url = http://a-z-animals.com/animals/panther/ | language = en | accessdate = 2014-02-13 | archive-date = 2021-04-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210426074820/https://a-z-animals.com/animals/panther/ | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref name=bp01>{{Cite web | title = Black Panthers Black Panther | url = http://bigcatrescue.org/black-panthers/ | author = BigCatRescue | language = en | accessdate = 2014-02-13 | archive-date = 2021-04-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210426125235/https://bigcatrescue.org/black-panthers/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>

报道过有黑豹出没的地区包括中国西南地区，缅甸，尼泊尔，印度南部和爪哇岛等<ref>{{Cite book | title = Near fixation of melanism in leopards of the Malay Peninsula | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x/abstract | author = K. Kawanishi, M. E. Sunquist, E. Eizirik, A. J. Lynam, D. Ngoprasert, W. N. Wan Shahruddin, D. M. Rayan, D. S. K. Sharma, R. Steinmetz | date = 2010-07-13 | DOI = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x | access-date = 2014-02-13 | archive-date = 2017-02-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170215234859/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x/abstract | dead-url = no }}</ref>。据称在[[马来半岛]]的南部黑豹的数量超过了一般的豹子。而黑豹在非洲很少见。<ref name=bp01/>

在人工饲养环境中为了刻意繁殖黑豹人们会选择有亲缘关系的个体进行交配，这使人工饲养的黑豹种群面临近亲交配的威胁。调查显示黑豹的繁殖率比一般的豹相对低下。
<ref name=bp01/>
{{clear}}