编辑“︁Vulkan”︁（章节）

== 特性 ==
[[File:Division of labor cpu and gpu.svg|缩略图|OpenGL与Vulkan都是图形渲染API，GPU处理[[着色器]]，而CPU执行其他任务。]]
Vulkan旨在提供更低的CPU开销与更直接的GPU控制，其理念大致与Direct3D 12和Mantle类似。<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.tomshardware.com/news/khronos-group-vulkan-graphics-api,28678.html|title=Khronos Group Announces The Next-Generation 'Vulkan' Graphics And Compute API|date=2015-03-03|work=Tom's Hardware|accessdate=2017-02-18|language=en}}</ref>

以下是Vulkan相对于上一代API的优势：<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fosdem.org/2016/schedule/event/vulkan_graphics/|title=FOSDEM 2016 - Vulkan in Open-Source|accessdate=2017-03-17|website=Fosdem.org|language=en|archive-date=2016-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309222549/https://fosdem.org/2016/schedule/event/vulkan_graphics/}}</ref>
* Vulkan API适用于从高性能电脑到移动低功耗设备的显示卡（OpenGL具有名为[[OpenGL ES]]的移动设备API子集，它仍是支持Vulkan设备的备选API）。
* 相比于Direct3D 12，Vulkan与前身OpenGL类似，受多种操作系统支持。Vulkan已经能在[[Windows 7]]、[[Windows 8]]、[[Windows 10]]、[[Tizen]]、[[Linux]]与[[Android]]上运行（[[iOS]]和[[macOS]]有第三方支持<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://moltengl.com/moltenvk/|title=MoltenVK {{!}} Run Vulkan on iOS and OS X|newspaper=Molten|accessdate=2017-02-18|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105100958/https://moltengl.com/moltenvk/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>）。
* 通过批量处理（Batching）减少CPU负载，使CPU可以执行更多其他的计算或渲染任务。<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blog.imgtec.com/powervr/vulkan-high-efficiency-on-mobile|title=Vulkan: High efficiency on mobile - Imagination Technologies|date=2015-11-05|newspaper=Imagination Technologies|accessdate=2017-02-18|language=en-GB|archive-date=2015-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109005302/http://blog.imgtec.com/powervr/vulkan-high-efficiency-on-mobile|dead-url=no}}</ref>
* 在多核心CPU上，Vulkan能对核心与线程进行优化。Direct3D 11与OpenGL 4最初为单核心CPU设计，尽管后来出现了针对多核心CPU优化的扩展，不过与Vulkan相比，优化仍不是很好。<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blog.imgtec.com/powervr/vulkan-scaling-to-multiple-threads|title=Vulkan: Scaling to multiple threads - Imagination Technologies|date=2015-11-24|newspaper=Imagination Technologies|accessdate=2017-02-18|language=en-GB|archive-date=2015-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126065107/http://blog.imgtec.com/powervr/vulkan-scaling-to-multiple-threads|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* 减少了[[驱动程序]]的开销与维护工作。OpenGL使用高级着色语言[[GLSL]]编写[[着色器]]，不同的驱动在程序运行时需要执行自身的GLSL[[編譯器|编译器]]，将程序的着色器转换为GPU可执行的机器代码。而Vulkan驱动将着色器语言预先转化为{{le|SPIR-V|Standard Portable Intermediate Representation}}（Standard Portable Intermediate Representation）的中间二进制格式，其行为类似于[[Direct3D]]的[[HLSL]]着色器。通过着色器预编译，应用程序加载速度更快，并且3D场景可以使用更多种着色器。Vulkan驱动只需对GPU进行优化并生成代码，这使得驱动程序更容易维护，驱动程序包更小（目前GPU供应商仍需在驱动程序中提供OpenGL与OpenCL的支持）。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khronos.org/registry/spir-v/papers/WhitePaper.pdf|title=An Introduction to SPIR-V|accessdate=2017-02-18|author=|date=|last=Kessenich|first=John|publisher=[[Khronos Group]]|archive-date=2015-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309065154/https://www.khronos.org/registry/spir-v/papers/WhitePaper.pdf}}</ref>
* 计算与图形处理的统一管理，因此Vulkan无需与单独的计算API配合使用。
[[英伟达]]在2016年时指出，由於OpenGL的复杂度和维护难度比Vulkan低很多，在多数情况下也能提供理想的整体性能，现阶段OpenGL仍是个很好的选择。<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://developer.nvidia.com/transitioning-opengl-vulkan|title=Transitioning from OpenGL to Vulkan|date=2016-02-11|newspaper=NVIDIA Developer|accessdate=2017-03-17|language=en|archive-date=2020-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425183554/https://developer.nvidia.com/transitioning-opengl-vulkan}}</ref>
[[AMD]]表示, Vulkan支援Close-To-Metal控制的獨特能力可加快跨 Windows和 Linux的效能並且提高影像品質。現今無其他圖形 API 提供如此強大的作業系統相容性、成像功能和硬體效率組合<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amd.com/zh-hant/technologies/vulkan|title=AMD Vulkan API|publisher=AMD|access-date=2020-07-26|archive-date=2019-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714110304/https://www.amd.com/zh-hant/technologies/vulkan}}</ref> 。 例如，CPU中包含的集成GPU可與高端專用GPU結合使用，以略微提高性能。

===Vulkan 1.1===
科納斯在[[SIGGRAPH]]2016上宣布Vulkan將支持自動多GPU功能,類似於Direct3D 12所提供的功能<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/3101843/software-games/vulkan-next-will-bring-better-support-for-vr-and-multiple-gpus.html|title=Vulkan Next will bring better support for VR and multiple GPUs|publisher=PC World|access-date=2017-03-17|archive-date=2018-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206190153/https://www.pcworld.com/article/3101843/software-games/vulkan-next-will-bring-better-support-for-vr-and-multiple-gpus.html}}</ref> ,顯示驅動程序不再需要處理多個GPU的使用,相反，兩個或更多完全不同的GPU之間可以智能地分配工作負載<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/10067/ashes-of-the-singularity-revisited-beta/4|title=Ashes of the Singularity Revisited: A Beta Look at Direct3D 12 & Asynchronous Shading|first=Daniel Williams, Ryan|last=Smith|publisher=AnandTech|access-date=2017-03-17|archive-date=2022-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422152924/https://www.anandtech.com/show/10067/ashes-of-the-singularity-revisited-beta/4}}</ref>。

科納斯於2018年3月7日發布了Vulkan 1.1<ref name="Khronos Group Releases Vulkan 1.1">{{cite press|url=https://www.khronos.org/news/press/khronos-group-releases-vulkan-1-1|title=Khronos Group Releases Vulkan 1.1|date=2018-03-07|work=The Khronos Group|access-date=2018-03-21|language=en|archive-date=2022-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414153839/https://www.khronos.org/news/press/khronos-group-releases-vulkan-1-1}}</ref> 。它擴展了幾個核心功能，包括子集操作，例如多視圖、設備組、高級渲染和編輯操作程序跨流程API交互操作。這些核心功能還包括16位內存獲取高級計算，HLSL內存分佈支持，視頻流的顯示，處理和編程，通過許多視頻編輯解碼器生成的YCbcRr顏色格式化紋理的直接抽樣。同時，它還帶來了與[[DirectX]] 12的更好兼容性，顯式支持多GPU，光線跟踪支持<ref name="Larabel news_item&px=Vulkan-1.1.85-Released">{{cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Vulkan-1.1.85-Released|title=Vulkan 1.1.85 Released With Raytracing, Mesh Shaders & Other New NVIDIA Extensions|last=Larabel|first=Michael|publisher=Phoronix|date=2018-09-19|accessdate=2018-09-19|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024831/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Vulkan-1.1.85-Released}}</ref><ref name="Larabel news_item&px=Vulkan-1.1.91-Released">{{cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Vulkan-1.1.91-Released|title=Vulkan 1.1.91 Released With NV_ray_tracing, AMD Memory Overallocation Behavior|last=Larabel|first=Michael|publisher=Phoronix|date=2018-11-04|accessdate=2018-11-04|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024836/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Vulkan-1.1.91-Released}}</ref>，為下一代GPU奠定了基礎。<ref name="Bright">{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/03/vulkan-1-1-adds-multi-gpu-directx-compatibility-as-khronos-looks-to-the-future/|title=Vulkan 1.1 out today, with multi-GPU support, better DirectX compatibility|last=Bright|first=Peter|publisher=Ars Terchnica|date=2018-03-07|accessdate=2018-03-07|archive-date=2022-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429104711/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/03/vulkan-1-1-adds-multi-gpu-directx-compatibility-as-khronos-looks-to-the-future/}}</ref> 

===vulkan 1.2===
2020年1月15日，[[科納斯組織]]發布了Vulkan 1.2，將23個已經通過驗證的擴展集成到基本Vulkan標準中<ref name="Khronos Group Releases Vulkan 1.2">{{cite press|url=https://www.khronos.org/news/press/khronos-group-releases-vulkan-1.2|title=Khronos Group Releases Vulkan 1.2|date=2020-01-15|work=The Khronos Group|access-date=2020-02-27|language=en|archive-date=2022-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511024831/https://www.khronos.org/news/press/khronos-group-releases-vulkan-1.2}}</ref>，大部份用來幫助提升Vulkan與其他圖形API之間的兼容層性能。
===Vulkan 1.3===
2022年1月25日，科納斯組織发布了Vulkan 1.3。<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url = https://www.khronos.org/news/press/vulkan-reduces-fragmentation-and-provides-roadmap-visibility-for-developers|title = Khronos Strengthens Vulkan Ecosystem with Release of Vulkan 1.3, Public Roadmap and Profiles|date = January 25, 2022|access-date = 2023-02-13|archive-date = 2022-01-25|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220125140157/https://www.khronos.org/news/press/vulkan-reduces-fragmentation-and-provides-roadmap-visibility-for-developers|dead-url = no}}</ref> 这次更新将另外23个常用的成熟的Vulkan扩展集成到基本的Vulkan标准中。

===Vulkan 1.4===
2024年12月3日，科納斯組織发布Vulkan 1.4。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khronos Streamlines Development and Deployment of GPU-Accelerated Applications with Vulkan 1.4 |url=https://www.khronos.org/news/press/khronos-streamlines-development-and-deployment-of-gpu-accelerated-applications-with-vulkan-1.4 |website=The Khronos Group |date=2024-12-02 |language=en |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref>

=== 计划中的功能 ===
科纳斯在[[SIGGRAPH]] 2016上宣布，Vulkan将提供类似于Direct3D 12的多卡互联功能。<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/3101843/software-games/vulkan-next-will-bring-better-support-for-vr-and-multiple-gpus.html|title=Vulkan Next will bring better support for VR and multiple GPUs|newspaper=PCWorld|accessdate=2017-03-17|language=en|archive-date=2018-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206190153/https://www.pcworld.com/article/3101843/software-games/vulkan-next-will-bring-better-support-for-vr-and-multiple-gpus.html}}</ref>通过Vulkan，不同型号的显卡也能协同工作，而无需[[NVIDIA SLI]]或[[AMD CrossFire|AMD Crossfire]]的支持。Vulkan多卡互联功能允许API在多个不同的显卡之间智能分配负载，例如，CPU上的集成显卡与高端独立显卡协同工作，能够略微提升显示性能。<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/10067/ashes-of-the-singularity-revisited-beta/4|title=Ashes of the Singularity Revisited: A Beta Look at DirectX 12 & Asynchronous Shading|last=Smith|first=Daniel Williams, Ryan|accessdate=2017-03-17|archive-date=2022-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422152924/https://www.anandtech.com/show/10067/ashes-of-the-singularity-revisited-beta/4}}</ref>

在2017年5月发行[[OpenCL]] 2.2之时，Khronos Group宣布OpenCL将尽可能的汇合于Vulkan，以确使OpenCL软件在这两种API上灵活部署<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcper.com/reviews/General-Tech/Breaking-OpenCL-Merging-Roadmap-Vulkan|title=Breaking: OpenCL Merging Roadmap into Vulkan &#124; PC Perspective|website=www.pcper.com|access-date=May 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101062642/https://www.pcper.com/reviews/General-Tech/Breaking-OpenCL-Merging-Roadmap-Vulkan|archive-date=November 1, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=siggraph-2018-khr&num=2|title=SIGGRAPH 2018: OpenCL-Next Taking Shape, Vulkan Continues Evolving – Phoronix|website=www.phoronix.com|access-date=2024-10-13|archive-date=2020-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028152042/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=siggraph-2018-khr&num=2|dead-url=no}}</ref>。这已经由Adobe的Premiere Rush展示出来，它使用clspv开源编译器<ref name=":4">{{Citation|title=Clspv is a prototype compiler for a subset of OpenCL C to Vulkan compute shaders: google/clspv|date=2019-08-17|url=https://github.com/google/clspv|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128054700/https://github.com/google/clspv|dead-url=no}}</ref>，编译了大量OpenCL C内核代码，从而在部署于Android的Vulkan运行时系统上运行<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khronos.org/assets/uploads/developers/library/2019-siggraph/Vulkan-01-Update-SIGGRAPH-Jul19.pdf|title=Vulkan Update SIGGRAPH 2019|access-date=2024-10-13|archive-date=2019-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820222456/https://www.khronos.org/assets/uploads/developers/library/2019-siggraph/Vulkan-01-Update-SIGGRAPH-Jul19.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>。