编辑“︁Arriva”︁（章节）

==历史==
[[File:DB Arriva logo.svg|thumb|愛瑞發自1997－2017年使用的標誌（「a DB company」字樣於2010年添加）]]
[[File:Arriva DAF SB120 Cadet 1.jpg|thumb|爱瑞发在[[英格兰]]西北部所运营的公共巴士]]
[[File:Arriva London bus LJ10 CVM.jpg|thumb|爱瑞发在[[伦敦]]所运营的公共巴士]]
该公司最初由TSK·考伊（{{lang|en|TSK Cowie}}）于1938年在桑德兰创立，并命名为考伊有限公司（{{lang|en|T Cowie Limited}}）<ref name="history">[http://www.arriva.co.uk/arriva/en/about_arriva/history_growth/overview/ Arriva History and growth] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920071446/http://www.arriva.co.uk/arriva/en/about_arriva/history_growth/overview/ |date=2008-09-20 }} Arriva</ref>，从事[[二手]][[电单车]]的经销业务。[[二战]]结束后，公司转由创始人的[[儿子]]汤姆·考伊（{{lang|en|Tom Cowie}}）接管时，仍然是在销售电单车<ref name=tom>[http://www.sirtomcowie.com/ Background] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sirtomcowie.com/ |date=20090618070059 }} Sir Tom Cowie</ref>。1964年12月，考伊成为公开[[股份公司]]，并在1965年首次收购[[汽车]]经销商<ref name=Independent010212>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/sir-tom-cowie-founder-of-a-transport-empire-6297533.html Sir Tom Cowie Founder of a Transport Empire] {{Wayback|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/sir-tom-cowie-founder-of-a-transport-empire-6297533.html |date=20130317053802 }} ''The Independent'' 1 February 2012</ref>。

在1972年，考伊逐渐形成以合约式[[租赁]]为主的核心业务，并成为英国规模最大的合约式租赁商<ref name=tom/>。1980年，考伊首次涉足公共交通业务，从乔治·埃维尔集团（{{lang|en|George Ewer Group}}）处收购了[[伦敦]]巴士运营商灰绿巴士（{{lang|en|Grey-Green}}）<ref name="history"/><ref name=FocusTransport>[http://www.focustransport.org.uk/yarriva1.aspx How Arriva arrived in the Capital] {{Wayback|url=http://www.focustransport.org.uk/yarriva1.aspx |date=20121002232343 }} ''Focus Transport'' February 2012</ref>。1984年，考伊股份有限公司收购汉格集团（{{lang|en|Hanger Group}}），并接管了其国际租赁及大型车辆租赁业务<ref name=tom/>。此后，考伊还陆续收购了马利租赁（{{lang|en|Marley Leasing}}）、罗伊斯科特汽车（{{lang|en|RoyScott Drive}}）和林韦租赁（{{lang|en|Ringway Leasing}}）等租赁公司<ref name=FocusTransport/>。

1994年4月，当汤姆·考伊[[退休]]后，公司更名为考伊集团公开股份有限公司（{{lang|en|Cowie Group plc}}）<ref name=CompaniesHouse/>。作为伦敦巴士[[私有化]]服务的一部分，考伊集团在1994年1月和1995年9月分别收购了丽赛德巴士（{{lang|en|Leaside Buses}}）和南伦敦运输公司（{{lang|en|South London Transport}}）的经营单位<ref>[http://www.arrivalondon.com/files/pdffiles/i4f4e09e8a17a4978501415.pdf The Arriva London Story] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111071446/http://www.arrivalondon.com/files/pdffiles/i4f4e09e8a17a4978501415.pdf |date=2013-11-11 }} Arriva London 2012</ref>
。1996年7月和8月，考伊集团又分别收购了联合汽车服务公司（{{lang|en|United Automobile Services}}）和英国公交集团（{{lang|en|British Bus Group}}），这两者都收购了一些私有化的巴士公司<ref name="history"/><ref>[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1997/396cowie.htm Cowie Group plc and British Bus Group Limited: A report on the merger situation] {{Wayback|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1997/396cowie.htm |date=20210305063255 }} Competition Commission 1997</ref><ref>[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1997/fulltext/396a3.4.pdf Principal bus operating subsidiaries of British Bus] {{Wayback|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1997/fulltext/396a3.4.pdf |date=20210305063256 }} Competition Commission 1997</ref>。此后未来几年内，考伊集团还在全英国范围内陆续收购巴士的运营权。

1997年11月，公司再度更名为爱瑞发公开股份有限公司（{{lang|en|Arriva plc}}）<ref name="history"/>。这一年它还收购了[[丹麦]]的乌尼巴士（{{lang|da|Unibus}}），成为其在英国以外的第一笔投资<ref name="history"/>。从此，爱瑞发迅速在欧洲扩张。1999年6月，爱瑞发将其车辆租赁业务出售至[[通用汽车公司]]<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/gm-unit-buys-arriva-car-hire-in-pounds-513m-deal-1099625.html GM unit buys Arriva car hire in £513m deal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/gm-unit-buys-arriva-car-hire-in-pounds-513m-deal-1099625.html |date=20131217063410 }} ''The Independent'' 12 June 1999</ref>。2000年2月，爱瑞发进入英国的[[铁路运输]]市场，其收购的MTL控股（{{lang|en|MTL Holdings}}）当中就包括默西铁路电气（{{lang|en|Merseyrail Electrics}}）和北方精神（{{lang|en|Northern Spirit}}）两家铁路公司的[[特许经营|特许经营权]]<ref name="history"/><ref>[http://www.investegate.co.uk/articlePrint.aspx?id=200002180730228111F Recommended Cash Offer for MTL Services] {{Wayback|url=http://www.investegate.co.uk/articlePrint.aspx?id=200002180730228111F |date=20160414091304 }} Arriva plc 18 February 2000</ref>。2002年，爱瑞发又出售其汽车零售业务<ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1730496.html EU move prompts Arriva to sell car dealerships] {{Wayback|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1730496.html |date=20130517133745 }} ''The Independent'' 15 October 2002</ref>，并在2006年将租车业务转售至诺斯盖特（{{lang|en|Northgate}}）<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2931237/Arriva-sells-off-car-rental-arm.html Arriva sells off car rental arm] {{Wayback|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2931237/Arriva-sells-off-car-rental-arm.html |date=20131218065320 }} ''The Telegraph'' 31 January 2006</ref>
。

2010年初，两家[[国有铁路]]公司[[法国国家铁路]]和德国铁路开始考虑对爱瑞发作出收购建议<ref>{{cite news |title=FTSE flat but Arriva perks up on talk French backing to bid |author=Ben Harrington |newspaper=[[Daily Telegraph]] |date=24 March 2010 |accessdate=24 March 2010 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/marketreport/7515095/FTSE-flat-but-Arriva-perks-up-on-talk-French-backing-to-bid.html |location=London |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328125156/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/marketreport/7515095/FTSE-flat-but-Arriva-perks-up-on-talk-French-backing-to-bid.html |archivedate=2010年3月28日 |deadurl=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arriva moves ahead on bid battle hopes |author=Nick Fletcher |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 March 2010 |accessdate=24 March 2010 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/marketforceslive/2010/mar/24/arrivabusiness |location=London |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327000106/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/marketforceslive/2010/mar/24/arrivabusiness |archivedate=2010年3月27日 |deadurl=no }}</ref>。法国国家铁路的子公司[[凱奧雷斯]]（{{lang|fr|Keolis}}）与爱瑞发已进入有关合并讨论的程序中<ref>[http://www.arriva.co.uk/arriva/en/media_centre/press_releases/2010/2010-03-05/ Statement re Keolis SA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520102932/http://www.arriva.co.uk/arriva/en/media_centre/press_releases/2010/2010-03-05/ |date=2012-05-20 }} Arriva plc 5 March 2010</ref>，但在2010年4月德国铁路突然提出以每股775[[便士]]（总金额约15亿[[英镑]]）的作价收购<ref>[http://www.arriva.co.uk/arriva/en/media_centre/press_releases/2010/2010-04-19/ Arriva plc (“Arriva”) - Response to Press Reports Regarding Deutsche Bahn AG (“Deutsche Bahn”)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604030738/http://www.arriva.co.uk/arriva/en/media_centre/press_releases/2010/2010-04-19 |date=2010-06-04 }} 19/4/2010 , Arriva plc</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/809fc5e8-4dda-11df-b437-00144feab49a.html |title=Deutsche Bahn buys Arriva for £1.5bn |publisher=Financial Times |date=22 April 2010 |accessdate=22 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425051700/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/809fc5e8-4dda-11df-b437-00144feab49a.html |archivedate=2010年4月25日 |deadurl=no }}</ref>。该提案于2010年8月获得[[欧盟委员会]]的批准，收购前提是德国铁路需出售爱瑞发在[[德国]]境内的资产。收购程序自2010年8月27日起正式生效<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/ec-approves-dbs-takeover-of-arriva/browse/2.html|accessdate=2010-08-19|title=Railway Gazette: EC approves DB’s takeover of Arriva|archive-date=2013-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107181844/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/ec-approves-dbs-takeover-of-arriva/browse/2.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>[http://www.arriva.co.uk/arriva/en/media_centre/press_releases/2010/2010-08-27/ Scheme of Arrangement becomes effective] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019210904/http://www.arriva.co.uk/arriva/en/media_centre/press_releases/2010/2010-08-27/ |date=2012-10-19 }} Arriva plc 27 August 2010</ref>，爱瑞发公开股份有限公司于2010年8月31日被[[伦敦证券交易所]]摘牌<ref>[http://www.arriva.co.uk/arriva/en/media_centre/press_releases/2010/2010-08-31/ Delisting of Arriva plc Shares] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520101034/http://www.arriva.co.uk/arriva/en/media_centre/press_releases/2010/2010-08-31/ |date=2012-05-20 }} Arriva plc 31 August 2010</ref>。

2023年10月，德国铁路同意将Arriva出售给投资公司I Squared Capital。此次出售于2024年6月完成。