编辑“︁病毒”︁（章节）

== 词源 ==
{{See also|{{le|以-us结尾的单词复数形式|Plural form of words ending in -us}}}}
英语单词“virus”源自[[拉丁语]]{{wikt-lang|la|vīrus}}，指的是[[毒药]]和其他有毒液体。{{lang|la|Vīrus}}与[[梵语]]{{lang|sa|viṣa}}、[[阿维斯陀语]]{{lang|ae|vīša}}和[[古希腊语]]{{lang|grc|ἰός}}（{{Transliteration|grc|iós}}）源自同一个[[印欧语系]]词根，它们的意思都是“毒药”。1398年，{{le|约翰·特里维萨|John Trevisa}}翻译了{{le|巴托洛缪斯·安格利克斯|Bartholomaeus Anglicus}}的《{{lang|la|De Proprietatibus Rerum}}》（《论事物的属性》），其中首次出现了英语中“virus”（病毒）一词的使用。<ref>{{cite encyclopedia  | title = OED Online, Virus, n. | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = March 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Etymology_Dictionary">{{cite web | title=virus | vauthors=Harper D | year=2011 | work=The Online Etymology Dictionary | url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=virus | access-date=19 December 2014 | archive-date=2013-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406062436/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=virus | dead-url=no }}</ref> {{lang|en|Virulent}}（“毒性”）源自拉丁语{{lang|la|virulentus}}（“有毒”），可追溯到{{c.|1400年}}。<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=OED Online, Virulent, adj. | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=virulent |vauthors=Harper D |year=2011 |work=The Online Etymology Dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=virulent |access-date=19 December 2014 |archive-date=2013-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406062441/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=virulent |dead-url=no }}</ref> “引起传染病的病原体”的含义最早记录在1728年，<ref name="Etymology_Dictionary" /> 远早于1892年[[德米特里·伊凡諾夫斯基]]发现病毒的时间。 英语复数是“viruses”（有时也为“vira”），<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=Buschard K, Thon R | chapter=Diabetic Animal Models | title=Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science | edition=2nd | volume=II | series=Animal Models | veditors=Hau J, Van Hoosier Jr GL | publisher=CRC Press | date=2003 | pages=163, 166 }}</ref>  而拉丁语[[词 (语言)|词]]是[[不可数名词|物质名词]]，没有[[古典拉丁语]]的复数形式（{{lang|la|vīra}}在[[新拉丁语]]中使用<ref>William T. Stearn: ''Botanical Latin. History, Grammar, Syntax, Terminology and Vocabulary.'' David & Charles, 3rd ed., 1983. Quote: "Virus: virus (s.n. II), ''gen. sing.'' viri, ''nom. pl.'' vira, ''gen. pl.'' vīrorum (to be distinguished from ''virorum'', of men)."</ref>）。形容词“viral”（病毒性的）使用可以追溯到1948年。 <ref>{{cite web |title=viral |vauthors=Harper D |year=2011 |work=The Online Etymology Dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=viral |access-date=19 December 2014 |archive-date=2013-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406062431/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=viral |dead-url=no }}</ref> “病毒粒子”（virion，其复数形式为“virions”）一词起源于1959年，<ref name="Etymology_Dictionary2">{{cite web |title=virion |vauthors=Harper D |year=2011 |work=The Online Etymology Dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=virion |access-date=19 December 2014 |archive-date=2013-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406062427/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=virion |dead-url=no }}</ref> 是指从细胞释放并能够感染同一类型的其他细胞的单个病毒颗粒。<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=Casjens S | veditors=Mahy BW, Van Regenmortel MH |title=Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology| url=https://archive.org/details/deskencyclopedia0000unse_e0l1 |publisher=Academic Press |location=Boston |year=2010|page=[https://archive.org/details/deskencyclopedia0000unse_e0l1/page/166 167]|isbn=978-0-12-375146-1}}</ref>