编辑“︁氙”︁（章节）

==歷史==
[[英國]]化學家[[威廉·拉姆齊]]和[[莫里斯·特拉弗斯]]（Morris Travers）在發現了[[氪]]和[[氖]]後，於1898年7月12日在蒸發液態空氣後的殘留物中發現了氙。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ramsay, W.; Travers, M. W. |title=On the extraction from air of the companions of argon, and neon |journal=Report of the Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science |year=1898 |page=828}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |archivedate=2013-02-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216111048/http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele054.html |url=http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele054.html |title=It's Elemental – Xenon |accessdate=2013-12-13 |last=Gagnon |first=Steve |publisher=Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility }}</ref>拉姆齊建議把這一新元素命名為「xenon」，源自[[希臘語]]「{{lang|el|ξένον}}」（xenon），即「{{lang|el|ξένος}}」（xenos）的中性單數形，意為外來者、陌生人或異客。<ref>{{cite book |author=Anonymous|editor=Daniel Coit Gilman, Harry Thurston Peck, Frank Moore Colby |year=1904|title=The New International Encyclopædia |publisher=Dodd, Mead and Company |page=906}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Staff |year=1991 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=IrcZEZ1bOJsC&pg=PA513 |title=The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories |page=513 |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc. |isbn=0-87779-603-3 |accessdate=2013-12-13}}</ref>1902年，拉姆齊估算氙在地球大氣中的含量為2千萬分之一。<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ramsay |first=William |title=An Attempt to Estimate the Relative Amounts of Krypton and of Xenon in Atmospheric Air |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |year=1902 |volume=71 |issue=467–476 |pages=421–426 |doi=10.1098/rspl.1902.0121}}</ref>

1930年代，[[美國]]工程師[[哈羅德·尤金·艾杰頓]]（Harold Eugene Edgerton）開始為[[高速攝影]]研究[[頻閃燈]]，并發明了[[氙閃光燈]]。在氙閃光燈中，電流短暫通過含有氙氣的玻璃管，使其發光。到了1934年，艾杰頓已經能夠產生1[[微秒]]長的閃光。<ref name="burke" /><ref>{{cite web |author=Anonymous |title=History |url=http://www.millisecond-cine.com/history.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822141910/http://www.millisecond-cine.com/history.html |archivedate=2006-08-22 |publisher=Millisecond Cinematography |accessdate=2007-11-07 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Paschotta |first=Rüdiger |date=2007-11-01 |url=http://www.rp-photonics.com/lamp_pumped_lasers.html |title=Lamp-pumped lasers |work=Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology |publisher=RP Photonics |accessdate=2013-12-13 |archivedate=2013-12-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212193114/http://www.rp-photonics.com/lamp_pumped_lasers.html }}</ref>

1939年，美國醫生[[阿爾伯特·本克]]（{{lang|en|Albert R. Behnke Jr.}}）著手研究深海潛水員有「酒醉感」的原因。他在測試對象所呼吸的氣體中調整各種氣體的比例，并發現潛水員對深度的感覺有所變化。他以此推論，氙氣能夠用於[[麻醉]]。[[俄羅斯]]毒理學家尼克拉·拉薩列夫（{{lang|en|Nikolay V. Lazarev}}）曾在1941年研究過氙麻醉藥，但直到1946年美國醫學家約翰·勞倫斯（{{lang|en|John H. Lawrence}}）才發表了他對老鼠進行的一項實驗研究，首次證實了氙作為麻醉藥的效用。1951年，美國麻醉師斯圖爾特·科林（Stuart C. Cullen）第一次使用氙麻醉藥，并成功為兩名病人進行了手術。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Marx, Thomas; Schmidt, Michael; Schirmer, Uwe; Reinelt, Helmut |title=Xenon anesthesia |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |year=2000 |volume=93 |pages=513–517 |url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/reprint/93/10/513.pdf |accessdate=2007-10-02 |format=PDF |pmid=11064688 |issue=10 |pmc=1298124 |archive-date=2008-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306224213/http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/reprint/93/10/513.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

氙以及其他稀有氣體曾一直被認為是完全惰性的，無法形成[[化合物]]。不過，化學家[[尼爾·巴特萊特]]（Neil Bartlett）在[[不列顛哥倫比亞大學]]任教時，發現[[六氟化鉑]]（PtF<sub>6</sub>）氣體是一種強[[氧化劑]]，能夠氧化[[氧氣]]（O<sub>2</sub>），形成[[六氟合鉑酸氧]]（O<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>[PtF<sub>6</sub>]<sup>–</sup>）。<ref>{{cite journal|title=Dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate (V), O<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>[PtF<sub>6</sub>]<sup>–</sup>
 |author=Bartlett, Neil; Lohmann, D. H. |journal=Proceedings of the Chemical Society |publisher=Chemical Society |location=London |issue=3 |page=115 |year=1962 |doi = 10.1039/PS9620000097}}</ref>因為O<sub>2</sub>和氙的第一[[電離能]]幾乎相同，所以巴特萊特猜想，氙也有可能可以被六氟化鉑氧化。1962年3月23日，他將這兩種氣體混合，產生了第一種稀有氣體化合物[[六氟合鉑酸氙]]。<ref name="bartlettxe">{{cite journal |title=Xenon hexafluoroplatinate (V) Xe<sup>+</sup>[PtF<sub>6</sub>]<sup>–</sup> |author=Bartlett, N. |journal=Proceedings of the Chemical Society |publisher=Chemical Society |location=London |issue=6 |page=218 |year=1962 |doi=10.1039/PS9620000197}}</ref><ref name="beautiful">{{cite web |url=http://www.chem.umn.edu/class/2301/barany03f/fun/beautiful1.pdf |title=Chemistry at its Most Beautiful |accessdate=2013-12-13 |last=Freemantel |first=Michael |date=2003-08-25 |format=PDF |publisher=Chemical & Engineering News |archive-date=2016-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106203608/http://www.chem.umn.edu/class/2301/barany03f/fun/beautiful1.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>他當時認為該氣體產物為Xe<sup>+</sup>[PtF<sub>6</sub>]<sup>–</sup>，但之後的分析表明該氣體很可能是多種氙鹽的混合物。<ref name="grahm">{{cite journal |last=Graham |first=L. |year=2000 |author2=Graudejus, O. |author3=Jha N.K. |author4=Bartlett, N. |title=Concerning the nature of XePtF<sub>6</sub> |journal=Coordination Chemistry Reviews |volume = 197 |issue=1 |pages=321–334 |doi=10.1016/S0010-8545(99)00190-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Inorganic Chemistry|last=Holleman|first=A. F.|publisher=Academic Press|others=translated by Mary Eagleson and William Brewer|year=2001|isbn=0-12-352651-5|location=San Diego|author2=Wiberg, Egon|editors=Bernhard J. Aylett}}; translation of ''Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie'', originally founded by A. F. Holleman, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vEwj1WZKThEC&pg=PA395 continued by Egon Wiberg] {{Wayback|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vEwj1WZKThEC&pg=PA395|date=20140105070806}}, edited by Nils Wiberg, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995, 34th edition, ISBN 978-3-11-012641-9.</ref><ref>
{{cite web |last=Steel |first=Joanna |year=2007 |url=http://chemistry.berkeley.edu/publications/news/2006/bio_bartlett.php |title=Biography of Neil Bartlett |publisher=College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley |accessdate=2007-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923143345/http://chemistry.berkeley.edu/publications/news/2006/bio_bartlett.php |archive-date=2009-09-23 |dead-url=yes }}
</ref>此後，許多其他的氙化合物也陸續被發現，<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bartlett|first=Neil|date=2003-09-09|url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/noblegases.html|title=The Noble Gases|journal=Chemical & Engineering News|volume=81|issue=36|publisher=American Chemical Society|accessdate=2013-12-13|archive-date=2018-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429093220/http://www.pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/noblegases.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>而同時被發現的還包括[[氬]]、[[氪]]和[[氡]]等稀有氣體的化合物，如[[氟氬化氫]]（HArF）、<ref>{{cite journal |first=Leonid |last=Khriachtchev |author2=Pettersson, Mika |author3=Runeberg, Nino |author4=Lundell, Jan |author5=Räsänen, Markku |date=2000-08-24 |title=A stable argon compound |journal=Nature |volume=406 |pages=874–876 |doi=10.1038/35022551 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v406/n6798/abs/406874a0.html |accessdate=2008-06-04 |pmid=10972285 |issue=6798 |archive-date=2016-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413082612/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v406/n6798/abs/406874a0.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>[[二氟化氪]]（KrF<sub>2</sub>）<ref>{{cite book |author=Lynch, C. T.; Summitt, R.; Sliker, A. |year=1980|title=CRC Handbook of Materials Science |publisher=CRC Press|isbn=0-87819-231-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Krypton Difluoride: Preparation and Handling |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1963-09-20_141_3586/page/1170 |author=MacKenzie, D. R. |year=1963 |journal=Science |volume=141 |issue=3586 |page=1171 |doi=10.1126/science.141.3586.1171 |pmid=17751791 |bibcode = 1963Sci...141.1171M}}</ref>及[[二氟化氡]]。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Paul R. Fields, Lawrence Stein, and Moshe H. Zirin |title=Radon Fluoride |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |year=1962|volume=84|issue=21|pages=4164–4165 |doi=10.1021/ja00880a048}}</ref>到了1971年，已知的氙化合物已經超過了80種。<ref name="CRC">{{cite web
 |url=http://www.chemnetbase.com/periodic_table/elements/xenon.htm|title=Xenon|work=Periodic Table Online |publisher=CRC Press |accessdate=2009-02-08 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090208125029/http://chemnetbase.com/periodic_table/elements/xenon.htm | archivedate = 2009-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Moody|first=G. J.
 |title=A Decade of Xenon Chemistry
 |journal=Journal of Chemical Education|year=1974|volume=51|issue=10
 |pages=628–630|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/recordDetail?accno=EJ111480|accessdate=2007-10-16
 |doi=10.1021/ed051p628|bibcode = 1974JChEd..51..628M }}</ref>