编辑“︁毒剂”︁（章节）

== 发生 ==
空气、土壤、水或食物中都可能存在有毒物质.<ref name=Hodgson2011>{{cite book|author=Ernest Hodgson|title=A Textbook of Modern Toxicology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wp20BrihwIC&pg=PT88|date=20 September 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-21129-8|pages=88–}}</ref> 人类可能会接触到环境毒物。<ref name=PrestonReynolds2018>{{cite journal|last1=Preston|first1=Joshua D.|last2=Reynolds|first2=Leryn J.|last3=Pearson|first3=Kevin J.|title=Developmental Origins of Health Span and Life Span: A Mini-Review|journal=Gerontology|volume=64|issue=3|year=2018|pages=237–245|issn=0304-324X|doi=10.1159/000485506|pmc=5876086|pmid=29324453}}</ref> [[鱼类]]可能含有环境毒素。<ref name=GaskinsChavarro2018>{{cite journal|last1=Gaskins|first1=Audrey J.|last2=Chavarro|first2=Jorge E.|title=Diet and fertility: a review|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=218|issue=4|year=2018|pages=379–389|issn=0002-9378|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.010|pmc=5826784|pmid=28844822}}</ref> {{le|烟草烟雾|Tobacco smoke}}含有有毒物质。<ref name=BrelandSoule2017>{{cite journal|last1=Breland|first1=Alison|last2=Soule|first2=Eric|last3=Lopez|first3=Alexa|last4=Ramôa|first4=Carolina|last5=El-Hellani|first5=Ahmad|last6=Eissenberg|first6=Thomas|title=Electronic cigarettes: what are they and what do they do?|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=1394|issue=1|year=2017|pages=5–30|issn=0077-8923|doi=10.1111/nyas.12977|pmc=4947026|pmid=26774031|bibcode=2017NYASA1394....5B}}</ref> {{le|电子烟气溶胶的成分|Composition of electronic cigarette aerosol|电子烟气溶胶}}也含有有毒物质。<ref name=PerikleousSteiropoulos2018>{{cite journal|last1=Perikleous|first1=Evanthia P.|last2=Steiropoulos|first2=Paschalis|last3=Paraskakis|first3=Emmanouil|last4=Constantinidis|first4=Theodoros C.|last5=Nena|first5=Evangelia|title=E-Cigarette Use Among Adolescents: An Overview of the Literature and Future Perspectives|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|volume=6|year=2018|page=86|issn=2296-2565|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2018.00086|pmc=5879739|pmid=29632856|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[加热非燃烧烟草制品]]的排放物含有有毒物质。<ref name=LiSaad2018>{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Gerard|last2=Saad|first2=Sonia|last3=Oliver|first3=Brian|last4=Chen|first4=Hui|title=Heat or Burn? Impacts of Intrauterine Tobacco Smoke and E-Cigarette Vapor Exposure on the Offspring's Health Outcome|journal=Toxics|volume=6|issue=3|year=2018|pages=43|issn=2305-6304|doi=10.3390/toxics6030043|pmc=6160993|pmid=30071638|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018Toxic...6...43L }}</ref> 大多数[[重金属]]都是有毒物质。<ref name=KimKim2015>{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Hyun Soo|last2=Kim|first2=Yeo Jin|last3=Seo|first3=Young Rok|title=An Overview of Carcinogenic Heavy Metal: Molecular Toxicity Mechanism and Prevention|journal=Journal of Cancer Prevention|volume=20|issue=4|year=2015|pages=232–240|issn=2288-3649|doi=10.15430/JCP.2015.20.4.232|pmc=4699750|pmid=26734585}}</ref> {{le|柴油尾气|Diesel exhaust}}含有有毒物质。<ref name=LeemJang2014>{{cite journal|last1=Leem|first1=Jong Han|last2=Jang|first2=Young-Kee|title=Increase of diesel car raises health risk in spite of recent development in engine technology|journal=Environmental Health and Toxicology|volume=29|year=2014|pages=e2014009|issn=2233-6567|doi=10.5620/eht.e2014009|pmc=4207092|pmid=25318659}}</ref> [[杀虫剂]]、[[苯]]和类似[[石棉]]的纤维（如[[碳纳米管]]）都是有毒物质。<ref name=CostaMiozzi2017>{{cite journal|last1=Costa|first1=Chiara|last2=Miozzi|first2=Edoardo|last3=Teodoro|first3=Michele|last4=Briguglio|first4=Giusi|last5=Rapisarda|first5=Venerando|last6=Fenga|first6=Concettina|title=New insights on 'old' toxicants in occupational toxicology|journal=Molecular Medicine Reports|volume=15|issue=5|year=2017|pages=3317–3322|issn=1791-2997|doi=10.3892/mmr.2017.6374|pmid=28339055|doi-access=free}}</ref> 可能的{{le|发育毒性|Developmental toxicity|发育毒物}}包括邻苯二甲酸盐、苯酚、防晒霜、杀虫剂、卤化阻燃剂、全氟烷基涂料、纳米颗粒、电子烟和膳食多酚。<ref name=WolffBuckley2017>{{cite journal|last1=Wolff|first1=Mary S.|last2=Buckley|first2=Jessie P.|last3=Engel|first3=Stephanie M.|last4=McConnell|first4=Rob S.|last5=Barr|first5=Dana B.|title=Emerging exposures of developmental toxicants|journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics|volume=29|issue=2|year=2017|pages=218–224|issn=1040-8703|doi=10.1097/MOP.0000000000000455|pmc=5473289|pmid=28059904}}</ref>