编辑“︁後像”︁（章节）

== 負後像 ==
{{tsl|en|Negative (photography)|負性}}的後像主要是由{{tsl|en|Retinal ganglion cell|視網膜神經節細胞}}的[[神經性適應]]造成，視網膜神經節細胞會將訊號從眼睛的視網膜傳到大腦其他部分。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zaidi, Q., Ennis, R., Cao, D., & Lee, B. |date=2012 |title=Neural locus of color afterimages. . |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.12.021 |journal=Current Biology |volume=22 |issue=3 |page=220–224 |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=2024-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610054841/https://doi.org/10.1016/J.Cub.2011.12.021 |dead-url=no }}</ref>當眼睛的[[感光细胞]]（[[视杆细胞|視桿細胞]]和[[视锥细胞|視錐細胞]]）適應過度刺激並失去敏感性時也會輕微引起負性後像。<ref name="Williams&1979">{{Cite journal |last=Williams, D. R., & MacLeod, D. I. A. |date=1979 |title=Interchangeable backgrounds for cone afterimages. |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(79)90020-8 |journal=Vision Research |issue=8 |page=867–877 |access-date=17 October 2022}}</ref>另外大腦也有所影響。<ref name="Shimojo">{{Cite journal |last=Shimojo |first=S |last2=Kamitani |first2=Y |last3=Nishida |first3=S |year=2001 |title=Afterimage of perceptually filled-in surface |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2001-08-31_293_5535/page/1676 |journal=Science |volume=293 |issue=5535 |page=1677–80 |bibcode=2001Sci...293.1677S |doi=10.1126/science.1060161 |pmid=11533495 |s2cid=41840423}}</ref>

{{tsl|en|Young–Helmholtz theory|楊-亥姆霍茲三原色理論}}假設眼睛中存在三種感光细胞，每種感光细胞只對特定範圍的可見光敏感：短波長視錐細胞、中波長視錐細胞、長波長視錐細胞。然而，三原色理論並不能解釋所有的後像現象。明確來說，後像是適應性刺激的互補色調，而三原色理論無法解釋這一事實。<ref name="Horner2">{{Cite book|author-last=Horner|author-first=David. T.|date=2013|chapter=Demonstrations of Color Perception and the Importance of Colors|editor1-last=Ware|editor1-first=Mark E.|editor2-last=Johnson|editor2-first=David E.|title=Handbook of Demonstrations and Activities in the Teaching of Psychology|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-134-99757-2|volume=II: Physiological-Comparative, Perception, Learning, Cognitive, and Developmental|pages=94–96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVUnAAAAQBAJ|access-date=2019-12-06}} Originally published as: {{Cite journal |last=Horner |first=David T. |date=1997 |title=Demonstrations of Color Perception and the Importance of Contours |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_teaching-of-psychology_1997_24_4/page/267 |journal=Teaching of Psychology |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=267–268 |doi=10.1207/s15328023top2404_10 |issn=0098-6283 |s2cid=145364769}}</ref>

三原色理論無法解釋後像，這表示需要一種{{tsl|en|Opponent process|對立歷程理論}}，如[[Ewald Hering]]（1878）闡述並由 Hurvich和 Jameson（1957）進一步發展的理論。<ref name="Horner">{{Cite book|last=Horner|first=David. T.|date=2013|title=Handbook of Demonstrations and Activities in the Teaching of Psychology|editor-last=Ware|editor-first=Mark E.|editor2-last=Johnson|editor2-first=David E.|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-134-99757-2|volume=II: Physiological-Comparative, Perception, Learning, Cognitive, and Developmental|pages=94–96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVUnAAAAQBAJ|accessdate=2019-12-06}} Originally published as: {{Cite journal |last=Horner |first=David T. |date=1997 |title=Demonstrations of Color Perception and the Importance of Contours |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_teaching-of-psychology_1997_24_4/page/267 |journal=Teaching of Psychology |volume=24 |issue=4 |page=267–268 |doi=10.1207/s15328023top2404_10 |issn=0098-6283 |s2cid=145364769}}</ref>對立歷程理論指出，人类[[视觉系统]]以對抗性的方式處理來自視錐細胞和視桿細胞的訊號，由此解釋顏色資訊。對立色理論是指存在三個對立頻道：紅對綠、藍對黃、黑對白。對某一種對立通道的其中一種顏色的響應與對另一種顏色的響應有拮抗作用。因此可解釋為何[[綠色]]影像会产生[[洋紅色|洋红色]]後像，這是因為綠色使綠色頻道產生適應性，因此會產生減弱過的訊號，任何導致綠色減少的東西都被解釋為其原色的配對，也就是洋紅色（紅色和藍色的等量混合）。<ref name="Horner" />

[[File:Illusion_movie.ogg|class=ve-pasteProtect|240x240px]]

在觀看示例影片並移開視線後，會產生扭曲的錯覺。參見[[运动后效]]。